1. DNA Polymorphisms: DNA markers a useful tool in biotechnology
Any section of DNA that varies among individuals in a population, “many forms”.
Examples include: SNPs, RFLPs, STRPs, and AFLPs;
RFLPs include VNTRs and STRPs
microsatellites (STRs) = SSLPs = STRPs = SSRs
Useful for finding, mapping genes involved in disease, and
Individual identification, epidemiology, anthropology, population/ecology studies, taxonomy.

2. SNPs Single nucleotide polymorphisms: regions of DNA where one
base pair is different.
Occur evenly spread over all the DNA. 1/ bp
Detected by sequencing. If SNP occurs in a restriction enzyme site, it generates an RFLP.
Could be in coding or non-coding regions.
Over 300,000 human SNPs known and are being mapped.

3. SNP

4. RFLPs Restriction fragment length polymorphism.
Mutation at a restriction site prevents recognition & cutting.
Results in one band of larger DNA instead of 2 smaller ones.
scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu/.../lectures/ DNATechnology/image021.jpg

5. Other RFLPs: VNTRs and STRPs Minisatellites and Microsatellites
These are RFLPs because they are defined by or visible following restriction enzyme cuts.
Variable Number Tandem Repeats
Groups (10-100) of nucleotides repeated 2 – 100 times (depending on individual and locus).
Restriction sites on both sides of repeated DNA
The more repeats, the longer the fragment.
Simple Tandem Repeat Polymorphisms
Shorter, 2-9 nucleotides repeated
Small enough number for PCR amplification
Also called STRs, SSLPs, etc.

6. Use of VNTRs
Restriction sites are on either side; fragment length depends on number of repeats in between sites.

7. STRPs
Primers for both sides of repeated region allow PCR amplification of DNA; generates PCR products that differ in length depending on number of repeats.
Becoming the standard method for DNA testing in forensics labs. Cheaper, easier, more sensitive.

8. STRs in forensics Locus vWA 14 0.081 15 0.107 15.2 0.179 16 0.306
Alleles in different ethnic and racial groups examined, used as database.
Panel of 13 different STRs are used. Because the odds of a particular combination of the 13 is product of the frequencies, numbers like 1 in 10 billion can be generated.
Band frequency

9. THE 13 CODIS STRs http://expertpages.com/news/dna.htm STR
African-American
U.S. Caucasian
D3S1358
0.102
0.078
vWA
0.058
0.065
FGA
0.035
0.036
TH01
0.094
TPOX
0.081
0.211
CSF1PO
0.070
0.122
D5S818
0.097
0.140
D13S317
0.131
0.074
D7S820
0.061
D8S1179
0.075
0.067
D21S11
0.033
0.045
D18S51
0.028
0.030
D16S539
0.066
0.103

10. RAPD: using PCR to find polymorphisms
“Random amplified polymorphic DNA”
Screen DNA from individuals by doing PCR with random short primers.
By random chance, primers will amplify many different sections of DNA.
Look for bands on gel that are not present in each individual tested.
avery.rutgers.edu/.../ archives/onions/rapd.html

11. RAPD: using PCR to find polymorphisms-2