1. Series of high-frequency slowly drifting structure mapping the magnetic field reconnection
M. Karlicky, A&A, 2004, 417,325

2. Introduction
Hudson et al. (2001) identified a rapidly moving HXR source, associated with the moving microwave source and plasmoid ejection.
Kundu et al. (2001) idetified two moving SXR ejecta associated with moving decimetric/metric radio sources.
Kliem et al. (2000) suggested that each individual burst in the slowly pulsating structure is generated by superthermal electrons, accelerated in the peak of the electric field in the quasi-periodic and bursting regime of the magnetic reconnection.
The global slow negative frequency drift of the structure was explained by a plasmoid propagation upwards in the solar corona towards lower plasma density.

3. Observations I. April 11,2001 event (M2.3)
A rare series of high-frequency slowly drifting structure wa observed during the flare in the GHz range. Usually, only one such a structure is recorded at the beginning of the some eruptive flares.
IN a narrow frequency range, it consist of many fast drift radio burst with the characteristic repetition time of seconds.

4. Their global evolution during the flare is presented schematically.
The repetition time of these drifting structures was about 45 sec.
All drifting structures in this flare were composed of many fast drifting quasi-periodic bursts having the characteristic time within 1 sec.

5. A very interesting situation can been in the radio spectrum
A very interesting situation can been in the radio spectrum. One structure drifts towards lower frequencies with the frequency drift of about –45 MHz/s and then its drift stops and drifting structures drift to and over this stop structure (at 13:08:50)

6. As can be seen the flare was located along the magnetic field line in the northern part of this active region, in the part where the magnetic field reached intensities of –314 and 310 G.

7. II. April 11,2001 event (X1.5)
A group with faster drifting structures with the characteristic repetition time of 60 sec. followed.

8. Among these structures a cloud of narrow band dm-spikes was observed
Among these structures a cloud of narrow band dm-spikes was observed. An interesting aspect is that in this time interval a clear double HXR (12-25 keV) sources was recognized.

9. A very rare zebra pattern with four zebra lines was recorded
A very rare zebra pattern with four zebra lines was recorded. These zebra lines have sub-structures, they appear to be composed of many narrow band dm-spikes. It is interesting that this zebra pattern also drift towards lower frequencies.
At the ending phase of flare, the frequency drift of the structures decreased to zero.

10. Note that the 3 GHz radio flux profile indicates quasi-periodic variations in its ascending part (peak time distances are 210, 110 , , 170, 240, 150, 210, 210 sec. starting from the peak at 12:02:20 UT), as known for some types of flares (e.g. Tajima et al. 1987).

11. Discussion
They interpret the initial drifting structures in both events as plasma radio emission generated by electron beams which are injected into the plasmoid during a quasi-periodic reconnection process in the current sheet below the plasmoid.
Assuming the plasma radio emission at the fundamental electron plasma frequency, the electron plasma density is about 1.77*10^10 cm^-3

12. The reconnection outflows can reach velocities comparable with the Alfven velocities, thus we expected that these outflows are in a turbulent state.
As suggested by Aurass et al (2002), the turbulent reconnection outflows can be the place of generation of radio emission.
The turbulent reconnection outflows can be sources of narrow band dm-spikes ( Barta & Karlicky 2001).
Therefore, the narrow-band dm-spikes can be considered as a further argument supporting the reconnection scenario.
It is interesting to see example of zebra patterns with narrow band dm-spikes as the zebra structure.
If the harmonic number of the zebra pattern line is determined, the magnetic field in the radio source can be estimated; 180 Gauss.
the zebra patterns can be considered as the radio emissions from the turbulent reconnection plasma outflows.

13. In the bursting and quasi-periodic regime of the dynamic reconnection in the current sheet, a set of plasmoids can be formed as a result of the tearing and coalescence instabilities (Kliem et al. 2000).
Tanuma et al. (2001) showed that an increase of the velocity of the plasmoid ejection leads to an increase of the reconnection rate of the reconnection process.
Electron beams are accelerated in localized current sheets between neighboring plasmoids and they penetrate individual fast drift bursts in specific slowly drifting structures.
Their negative drifts correspond to motions of the plasmoids along the flare current sheet upwards in solar atmosphere.

14. Now let us consider time scale of plasmoid formations and electron beam acceleration from the point of view of the dynamic magnetic reconnection in the current sheet (Tanuma et al. 2000) for event I.
The characteristic time scale of drifting structures is about 45 sec.
the density is 2.8*10^10 cm^-3
Alfven speed is 1300 km/s for 100 Gauss
The negative drifting structures indicate that the whole flare magnetic field structure moves upwards.
Assuming the atmosphere in hydrostatic equilibrium with 1MK (the density scale height is H=50000km), the maximum frequency drift of the drifting structure –45 MHz/s gives a velocity of about 2500km/s. By using Aschwanden and Benz’s value ( H=(2-20)*1000 km ), the plasmoid velocity agrees with hundreds of km/s.

15. τonset (0.3 VA) τtear τonset (0.03 VA) τ2,tear
For the Alfven speed of 1000 km/s, we can assume the upwards velocity which gives the time of tearing onset as 15 sec ( Vp ～0.1VA). Then the tearing lasts about 30 sec., which gives the total duration 45 sec.

16. Conclusion
It was proposed that these structures map the evolution of the primary and secondary plasmoids which were formed due to the tearing and coalescence instabilities in the current sheet during the reconnection process.
The frequency drift of the drifting structures express the motion of plasmoids; the higher frequency drift means a higher velocity of plasmoid and also a higher reconnection rate of reconnection process.
The sub-structures of the slowly drifting structures maps the secondary tearing processes. We can expect burst variations on still shorter and shorter time scales corresponding to third, forth and higher-order tearing scales as proposed by Tanuma et al. (2001).