1. Oracle Database 11g Release 1 For DBAs
Thomas Kyte 1

2. “A Relational Model for Large Shared Databanks”
The Beginning...
Data Model with Structure
Data Independent of Code
Set-oriented
1977 the work begins
“A Relational Model for Large Shared Databanks”
It started with one profound idea
In 1970 E.F. Codd wrote the book….the mathematical model that would define the future of RDMBS.
He later hooked up with C.J. Date of IBM and Codd and Date would become known as father and grandfather of relational theory.
Codd and Date became mythical figures dispensing truths about the purity of various implementations of RDBMs. Had 12 rules of relational databases.
Data Model with Structure, Integrity Rules, Operations
Data Defined Independently of Programs
Set-oriented, Declarative Language
E.F. Codd

3. First RDBMS: Version 2 June 1979
FIRST Commercial SQL RDBMS
Impressive First SQL
Joins, Subqueries
Outer Joins, Connect By
A Simple Server
No transactions, ‘Limited’ Reliability
Portability from the Start
Written in Fortran
But multi-platform – PDP11, Dec VAX
No one thought it could be done
It wouldn’t be fast enough, no one would buy it
The early adopters came to us.
First test outperformed Cullinet’s DBMS – immediately realized this was a break-through, and the company would be worth 100’s of millions
The FIRST Commercial SQL RDBMS
An Impressive First SQL
Non-procedural power (joins, subqueries) for ad hoc access
A single language for data definition, control, access
Unique Oracle extensions: outer join, CONNECT BY
A Simple Server
No transactions – like MySQL
Limited reliability
Portability from the Start – driven by customer requirements from the beginning.
Digital PDP-11 operating systems: RSX, RSTS, IAS, Unix
DEC VAX (compatibility mode)

5. Oracle7.3 February 1996 Spatial Data Option
Partitioned Views
Bitmapped Indexes
Asynchronous read ahead for table scans
Standby Database
Deferred transaction recovery on instance startup
Updatable Join View
SQLDBA no longer shipped.
Index rebuilds
DBV introduced
Context Option
PL/SQL - UTL_FILE
Spatial Data Option
Tablespaces changes - Coalesce, Temporary Permanent,
Trigger compilation, debug
Unlimited extents on STORAGE clause.
Some init.ora parameters modifiable - TIMED_STATISTICS
HASH Joins, Antijoins
Histograms
Oracle Trace
Advanced Replication Object Groups

8. This is designed to be a standalone slide that can be put in other presentations8

9. Encrypted Tablespaces9

10. Encrypted Tablespaces
Oracle Database 10g Release 2 introduced column encryption
Could not range scan
Primary/foreign key issues
Tablespace encryption Removes those limitations
Many encryption algorithms
3DES168
AES128
AES192
AES256
Demo: encrypt.sql

11. Standby Just got better11

12. Standby Database Logical Standby was… Physical Standby was…
Limited in type support
But was always open for business
Physical Standby was…
Easy
But considered “not useful day to day”

13. Standby Database Logical Standby has… XMLType support
DBMS_RLS & DBMS_FGA support
TDE support

14. Active Data Guard: Develop & Test on Standby DB
Production
Database
Use physical standby database for development & testing
Preserves zero data loss in test/dev mode
Flashback DB to back-out changes & use as standby
Developers, Testers
Eliminates cost of idle DR system
Standby
Database 14

15. Active Data Guard: Report & Backup from Standby DB
Production
Database
Offload reporting to standby
Simultaneously available for recovery
Offload backups to standby
Complete database and fast incremental backups
Reporting
Standby
Database
Improves performance on production database
Backups 15

16. Real Application Testing16

17. Real Application Testing – Database Replay
Recreate actual production database workload
Capture production workload incl. concurrency
Replay workload in test with production timing
Analyze & fix issues before production
Middle Tier
Test (RAC)
Environment`
Production
Environment
Capture DB Workload
Oracle DB servers
Replay DB Workload
Storage

18. Smaller more secure DMP files18

19. Datapump COMPRESSION ENCRYPTION REUSE_DUMPFILES
ALL, DATA_ONLY, METADATA_ONLY, NONE
ENCRYPTION
All
Data_only
Metadata_only
None
Encrypted_columns_only
PARTITION_OPTIONS
Impdp
Departition
Merge
REUSE_DUMPFILES
Ability to use DML error logging like features
DATA_OPTIONS parameter
Demo: dp.sql

20. Virtual Columns 20

21. Are ‘column expressions’
Virtual Columns
Create Table
Alter Table Add Column
Are ‘column expressions’
Expressions involving other columns in table
Constants
Deterministic functions
Ease of use and Optimizer enhancement
Demo: vc.sql

22. Partitioning just got better22

23. Partitioning
Composite Completely
Virtual Column Partitioning
Partition by Reference
Interval Partitioning

24. Enhanced Partitioning
Partition on virtual (computed) columns
New composite partitioning
Range
List
Hash 9i 8i
Range
List
Hash
11g 9i 8i
JAN
FEB
>5000
ORDERS
RANGE-RANGE Order Date by Order Value
USA
EUROPE
>5000
ORDERS
LIST-RANGE Region by Order Value
USA
EUROPE
Gold
Silver
ORDERS
LIST-LIST Region by Customer Type 24

25. Partitioning by REFERENCE
Table ORDERS
RANGE(order_date)
Primary key order_id
...
...
Jan 2006
Feb 2006
Partitioning key inherited through PK-FK relationship
Avoids redundant storage, maintenance of order_date
Table LINEITEMS
RANGE(order_date)
Foreign key order_id
...
...
Demo: part1.sql
Jan 2006
Feb 2006 25

26. Partitioning Automation
New “INTERVAL” partitioning
Automatically creates a new partition when data outside the existing range is first inserted
E.g., monthly partitions, automatic new partition first day of the month
Composite partitioning: interval, interval-list, interval-hash, and interval-range
Automates partition management
ORDERS
Sep
Jul
Aug
Sep
Demo: part2.sql

27. Flashback Data Archive27

28. Flashback Data Archive Total Data Recall
Select * from orders AS OF ‘Midnight 31-Dec-2004’
Tamper-proof data archive
Efficient storage and retrieval of undo
Keep data for months, years, decades!
Fast access to even very old data
View data, versions of rows as of any time
Control data retention time, purging of data
Changes
Archive
Tables
User Tablespaces
Flashback Data Archive
Oracle 11g Database 28

29. Finer Grained Dependency Tracking29

30. Finer Grained Dependency Tracking
Fewer Invalidations
Add to a specification – so what
Add/Drop/Modify a column – so what
Holds true with view modifications too
Change a synonym pointer – so what
Replace a procedure – so what

31. Cache More Stuff 31

32. Everyone knows the fastest way to do something is – to not do it
Cache More
Everyone knows the fastest way to do something is – to not do it
Client Side Cache
Server Results Cache (JIT-MV)
PL/SQL Function results cache

33. Single Memory Setting 33

34. Single Memory Parameter
Well, Two
MEMORY_TARGET
MEMORY_MAX_TARGET
Sizes PGA and SGA
Not every platform:
Linux, Solaris, Windows, HP-UX, AIX
As with automatic SGA memory management in 10g – you can set lower bounds for various segments

35. New Diagnostics Area
Demo: diag.sql 35

36. Invisible Indexes 36

37. Can create them that way Can alter them to be that way Why?
Invisible Indexes
Can create them that way
Can alter them to be that way
Why?
Testing of course
How will plans change if we add this index
How will plans change if we remove this index
OPTIMIZER_USE_INVISIBLE_INDEXES

38. Database Resident Connection Pooling38

39. DRCP Anyone out there remember prespawned servers?
This is similar.
Pool of dedicated servers that can be reused
Instead of 50 app servers pooling 50 connections each (250 dedicated servers) – we’ll be able to have 50 app servers share 50 dedicated servers
PHP right now, others later.

40. DDL that waits 40

41. Blocking DDL
Sometimes, it mattered not how many times you hit the / key – it was never going to happen
Demo: wait.sql

42. Alter table T read only 42

43. True ONLINE index build43

44. Disabled Triggers 44

45. Disabled Triggers Safer way to install code
create or replace trigger Trg
before insert on My_Table for each row
disable
begin
:New.ID := My_Seq.Nextvak;
end; /
Safer way to install code
Same thoughts as invisible indexes.

46. Data Recovery Advisor 46

47. Data Recovery Advisor Analyzes failures based on symptoms
e.g. “Open failed” because datafiles missing
Intelligently determines repair strategies
Aggregates failures for efficient repair
e.g. for many bad blocks restore entire file
Presents only feasible repair options
Are there backups?
Is there a standby database?
Ranked by repair time and data loss
Can automatically perform repairs

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49. This is designed to be a standalone slide that can be put in other presentations

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