1. Data Communication and Networks
Chapter 4
Data Communication and Networks

2. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
Transferring data in its different forms: text, sound, images…,etc between at least two nodes.
Data is transferred through a connection medium in its binary representation form.
Examples of connection medium:
Copper wires, Optical fibers, wireless, and storage media
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3. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
Computer Network:
is a collection of computers and devices that are connected with each other using communication channels.
allowing users to communicate and share resources.
Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks

4. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
Benefits of Computer Networks
1- Sharing Hardware: Sharing a printer.
Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks

5. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
2- Sharing Software: Sharing applications and Programs and software tools.
For example: sharing a set of CDs or DVDs on a central server.
Other uses of Networks
Communication between users: video messages, faxes, chatting, and voice messages.
Providing services for customers, examples are: E- Commerce, E-Government.
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6. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
Networks Types
There are two types of Networks classified according to the size of the geographical area they cover.
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
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7. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
1- Local Area Networks (LANs):
A group of nodes (Computers and Devices) that are connected to each other in a limited geographical area, has a limited number of users and a common administration.
Examples: university, home, hospital...etc.
LAN Characteristics:
•Used in small geographical areas.
•Offer high-speed communications.
•Use LAN-specific devices such as repeaters, hubs and network interface cards.
Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks

8. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
LANs are divided into two Types:
A- Client/ Server Architecture:
Divide computers in a network into two groups: service provider (named server), and service requester (named client).
The server provides services and functions to clients such as: printing, sharing files, databases, internet connection, …etc.
Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks

9. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks

10. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
B-Peer-to-Peer Networks:
Is where computers can act as both clients and servers, simultaneously. Computers share resources among them.
Can be found in: home network, small office network
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11. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
2- Wide Area Networks (WAN):
Used to connect two or more LANs that are distant from each other.
It may connect LANs in different cities or countries.
It is also used to connect the ATM banks.
The largest WAN is the Internet.
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12. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
WAN Characteristics:
Cover large areas – may span the world.
Compared to LANs – slow speed communication.
Devices such as routers, modems and WAN switches is used.
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13. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
Physical Media (Transmission Media)
There are two types of transmission media:
Copper Media.
Fiber Media
Wireless media.
Copper Media:
1- Twisted pairs.
2- Coaxial cables.
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14. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
1- Twisted Pairs: It is the most commonly used network cabling, is similar to the wiring that is used to connect your telephone.
Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks

15. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
2- Coaxial Cables: These are similar to the cables used for connecting television to the antenna or the receiver. Highly resistant to noise and supports greater cable lengths.
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16. Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
Fiber Optics:
An optical fiber (or optical fiber) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of a pure glass (silica) not much wider than a human hair. It functions as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.
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Wireless Media:
Standard IEEE (Wi-Fi)
Wireless LAN that uses a high frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular technology.
Bluetooth
A short range wireless technology, with space arrange from 10 up t0 30 meters.
Standard IEEE (WiMAX)
Is a wireless digital communications system designed to enable high-speed mobile internet access to a number of devices including PCs, handsets, smart phones, cameras,…etc.
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18. Wireless Media (continue…)
3G Mobile Technology:
The term 3G refers to the third generation of mobile technology.
As 2G allowed only voice, 3G can deliver voice and multimedia.
It allows simultaneous use of speech and data services at higher data rates.
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19. Wireless Media (continue…)
4G Mobile Technology
There are very few provider for this technology around the world.
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20. Wireless Media (continue…)
2G Mobile Technology or GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)
Is a digital mobile telephony system.
It’s introduced low-cost implementation of SMS.
Newer version introduced General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) that support Multimedia Messaging Servceis (MMS) and Wireless Application Protocol (WAP).
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21. Wireless Media (continue…)
Satellite Communications:
Is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purpose telecommunications.
Example of applications:
Television signal, Satellite radio, military uses, GPS.
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22. Wireless Media (continue…)
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID):
Is a system that transmits the identity of an object wirelessly, using radio waves.
Example:
Animal identification, libraries, transportation payments, tracking.
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23. Wireless Media (continue…)
Infrared Signal (IR):
Is an electromagnetic radiation.
Employed in short range communication, no more than 5 meters.
Example:
connecting computer peripherals and personal digital assistants.
Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks