1. DNA Notes

2. The passing on of traits from parent to offspring is called heredity.
Vocabulary Review:
The passing on of traits from parent to offspring is called heredity.

3. Vocabulary Review:
The study of traits being passed from generation to generation is called Genetics!

4. Inheritance is the traits that a cell receives!
Vocabulary Review:
Inheritance is the traits that a cell receives!

5. Alternate forms of genes are called Alleles.
Vocabulary Review:
The genetic material to be passed on to offspring cells is carried by DNA !
Alternate forms of genes are called Alleles.
Each parent passes on one allele for each trait.

6. Vocabulary review
The picture of alleles inherited from the parent cells is called Karyotype.

7. DNA stands for: D: Deoxyribose N: Nucleic A: Acid
ALL living thing has DNA. That means that you have something in common with a zebra, a tree, a mushroom and a beetle!!!!

8. Looks Like:

9. Let’s make our own DNA molecule. (In candy!)
Activity
Let’s make our own DNA molecule.
(In candy!)

10. Instructions Materials Two pieces of licorice 6 toothpicks
12 different colored marshmallows (4 different colors)
The licorice is the DNA “backbone” (or the sides of the ladder)
The marshmallows connect the two sides of the ladder with a toothpick (think of the marshmallows as the two parts of velcro)
Remember only certain colors can “stick” together in DNA
Red goes with Orange
Yellow goes with Green

11. Chromosomes
Made of DNA and Protein.

12. What does DNA look like?

13. DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Made up of nucleotides
Phosphate
Sugar (deoxyribose)
Base
4 types
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytocine (C)

15. A Nucleotide:

16. Chemically it looks like:

17. Genes
A section of DNA
Contains the information to code for one specific protein
Made up of a series of bases in a row

18. DNA: The _Genetic_ Code
Genes
main function is to control the _production of proteins in an organism’s cells.
Proteins help to determine the size, shape, color, and many other traits of an organism

19. DNA is found inside the Nucleus!
Proteins are made in the ribosomes of cells by organelles called nucleoleus.
Ribosomes may be free in the _Cytoplasma_ or attached to the surface of Endoplasmic Reticulum.

20. Making Proteins
During protein synthesis, the cell uses information from a gene on a chromosome to produce a specific protein
These Genes code for polypeptides (proteins)
Proteins are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells

21. Protein Synthesis

22. Scientific Contributions

23. Gregor Johann Mendel Austrian monk
Mendelian Genetics
12/5/2018
Gregor Johann Mendel
Austrian monk
Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants
Developed the laws of inheritance.
Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century.

24. Mendelian Genetics
12/5/2018
Gregor Johann Mendel
Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 pea plants
He found that the plants' offspring retained traits of the parents.
Called the “Father of Genetics"
copyright cmassengale

25. Mendel stated that physical traits are inherited as “particles”
Mendel did not know that the “particles” were actually Chromosomes & DNA

26. Erwin Chargaff
Amount of Adenine = Amount of Thymine
Amount of Cytosine = Amount of Guanine

27. Rosalin Franklin
Used x-ray diffraction & learned…. DNA is spiral shaped

28. James Watson & Francis Crick
Created the first Model of DNA

29. The Twisted Ladder shape is called a……
Double Helix

31. Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Sutton discovered that sex cells contain half the number of chromosomes as body cells.
One set of alleles comes from the male parent; the second set comes from the female parent
Chromosome theory of inheritance
Genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes

32. Review:
Which of the following is not part of a nucleotide?
a. base
b. sugar
c. fat
d. phosphate

33. If a sample of DNA contained 20%cytosine, what percent of guanine would be in the sample?___________
What percent of adenine would be in the sample? ___________________

34. What would be the complimentary strand of DNA for this strand: ATG GTA

35. James Watson and Francis Crick….
a. Took X-ray pictures of DNA
b. Discovered that genes are in chromosomes
c. Made model’s to figure out DNA’s shape
d. Bred pea plant’s to study heredity

36. Create your own segment of DNA
Color code your molecules!
Rules:
1. Phosphates attach to sugars only
2. Sugars attach to phosphates & bases
3. Bases attach to sugars and with other bases, but…
*Adenine will only pair with Thymine
*Guanine will only pair with Cytosine
4. One strand of DNA goes 3’ to 5’ while the other goes 5’ to 3’…that means one side is up side down!
5. Your strand must have 10 nucleotides! (5 on each side!)

37. Mutations Any change in a gene or chromosome
Can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein during protein synthesis.
The trait or phenotype may be different
Body cell mutations will not be passed on to offspring
If the mutation is in a sex cell, the mutation can be passed on to an offspring and affect the offspring’s phenotype

38. Question
If a cat gets hit by a car and loses a leg, does this mean it will have kittens that are also missing a leg?

39. Effects of Mutations Introduce changes in an organism
Can be a source of genetic variety
Some are harmful, some are helpful, others are neither helpful nor harmful
A mutation is harmful if it reduces the organism’s chance for survival and reproduction

40. Powerpoint by April Derochers