1. Respiratory Review

2. What happens during exhalation?
1. External rib muscles AND diaphragm relax
2. The volume of thoracic cavity decreases
3. The density of gas in the cavity increases – air pressure in the cavity increases
4. Air moves from areas of high to low pressure (inside the lungs to outside the lungs)
5. Air rushes out of the lungs

3. What happens during inhalation?
1. External rib muscles AND diaphragm contract.
2. Rib cage expands upward and outward
3. The volume of the thoracic cavity increases
4. The density of gas in the cavity decreases
5. Air pressure in the cavity decreases
6. Air moves from area high to low pressure (outside lungs to inside lungs)
7. Air rushes into lungs

4. Quick Review

5. If you INCREASE the concentration of Carbon Dioxide, what happens to the breathing rate?
If you increase the concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the air we inhale, then the breathing rate (number of breaths taken over time) will DECREASE

6. What does tidal volume measure?
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a NORMAL breathing movement when body is at rest

7. What does vital capacity measure?
Total lung capacity; total volume of gas that can be moved into or out of the lungs.
Vital capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve volume

8. If you put a cover (doesn’t allow air in at all) on a jar, what happens to the air pressure in the jar?
Air pressure INCREASES in the jar

9. The air pressure DECREASES
If you remove that covering off of the jar, what happens to the air pressure in the jar?
The air pressure DECREASES

10. How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
It is carried in the blood as bicarbonate ions (HCO3- )

11. True or False: Oxygen is carried into the body, whereas Carbon Dioxide is carried out of the body

12. What is the site of gas exchange in the lungs?
The alveoli (where blood is oxygenated)

13. The walls in alveoli are ____ thick?
Alveoli walls are ONE-CELL thick

14. Where does oxygen go after gas exchange?
Travels into the blood stream and circulated throughout the body. Combines with hemoglobin on red blood cells

15. Where does carbon dioxide go after gas exchange?
Travels out of the blood and out of the body (exhaled)

16. How does oxygen get transported while dissolved (in water)?
Through DIFFUSION

17. What is the purpose of mucous in the lungs?
Helps by moistening (especially in the nasal passages)
Helps protect against foreign particles (ex. allergens) from getting to the lungs — these particles stick to the mucous

18. What does a buffer do?
Prevents the pH of a solution from changing (resists change)

19. What does surfactant do?
It is a lubricating film in the alveoli that prevents alveoli from collapsing

20. The pH DECREASES as the concentration of Carbon Dioxide increases.
What happens to the pH if you increase the concentration of Carbon Dioxide?
The pH DECREASES as the concentration of Carbon Dioxide increases.

21. Define Inspiration
Inspiration – breathing in; inhaling. Moves air from the external environment to lungs inside body

22. Define Expiration
Expiration – breathing out; exhaling. Moves air from lungs back to external environment

23. Which lung has more opportunity for gas exchange? And why?
Right lung. 3 lobes, versus the left one that has 2. More areas for gas exchange to occur.

24. Tonsillitis AND Laryngitis
Which disorders, that we talked about, affect the UPPER respiratory tract?
Tonsillitis AND Laryngitis

25. Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Pleurisy, Asthma, AND Emphysema
Which disorders, that we talked about, affect the LOWER respiratory tract?
Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Pleurisy, Asthma, AND Emphysema

26. Why is carbon monoxide inhalation so toxic to the body?
Because it combines with hemoglobin, instead of oxygen. Prevents oxygen from combining with hemoglobin.

27. True or False: Alveoli have a very large, tightly knit, surface area.
True. Like a cluster of grapes.

28. What is the sequence of events after air is INHALED into the body
Nasal Passages or Mouth —> Pharynx (throat) —> Trachea (windpipe) —> Lungs —> Bronchus —> Bronchioles —> Alveoli —> Blood

29. What does the epiglottis do?
Prevents from food entering the trachea

30. Expiratory Reserve Volume (L) 3.5
Tidal Volume (L)
2.5
Expiratory Reserve Volume (L)
3.5
Inspiratory Capacity (L)
3.0
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (L) ??
Calculated Vital Capacity (L)

31. QUICK REVIEW