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12.1 DNA and RNA.

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Presentation on theme: "12.1 DNA and RNA."— Presentation transcript:

1 12.1 DNA and RNA

2 Section Outline 12–1 DNA A. Griffith and Transformation
1. Griffith’s Experiments 2. Transformation B. Avery and DNA C. The Hershey-Chase Experiment 1. Bacteriophages 2. Radioactive Markers D. The Structure of DNA 1. Chargaff’s Rules 2. X-Ray Evidence 3. The Double Helix

3 Percentage of Bases in Four Organisms
Section 12-1 Percentage of Bases in Four Organisms Source of DNA A T G C Streptococcus Yeast Herring Human

4 Figure 12–2 Griffith’s Experiment
Section 12-1 Heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Harmless bacteria (rough colonies) Control (no growth) Harmless bacteria (rough colonies) Heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Dies of pneumonia Dies of pneumonia Lives Lives Live, disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) :

5 Figure 12–2 Griffith’s Experiment
Section 12-1 Heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Harmless bacteria (rough colonies) Control (no growth) Harmless bacteria (rough colonies) Heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Dies of pneumonia Dies of pneumonia Lives Lives Live, disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies)

6

7

8

9 Hershey-Chase Experiment
Section 12-1 Bacteriophage with phosphorus-32 in DNA Phage infects bacterium Radioactivity inside bacterium Bacteriophage with sulfur-35 in protein coat Phage infects bacterium No radioactivity inside bacterium

10 Hershey-Chase Experiment
Section 12-1 Bacteriophage with phosphorus-32 in DNA Phage infects bacterium Radioactivity inside bacterium Bacteriophage with sulfur-35 in protein coat Phage infects bacterium No radioactivity inside bacterium

11 http://glencoe. mcgraw-hill

12 Hershey-Chase Experiment
Section 12-1 Bacteriophage with phosphorus-32 in DNA Phage infects bacterium Radioactivity inside bacterium Bacteriophage with sulfur-35 in protein coat Phage infects bacterium No radioactivity inside bacterium

13 DNA Nucleotides Purines Pyrimidines Section 12-1 Phosphate group
Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Phosphate group Deoxyribose

14 Chargaff’s Rule – Base Pairing Rule
Source of DNA A T G C Streptococcus Yeast Herring Human % of A ≈ % of T % of G ≈ % of C

15

16 Rosalind Franklin X Ray diffraction
Shaped is twisted Contain two strands

17 Watson and Crick Model

18 Structure of DNA Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone
Section 12-1 Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

19 Prokayrotic vs. Eukaryotic DNA

20 Prokaryotic Chromosome Structure
Section 12-2 Chromosome E. coli bacterium Bases on the chromosome

21 How DNA is packaged

22 Chromosome Structure of Eukaryotes
Section 12-2 Human cells contain over one meter of DNA! How? Nucleosome Chromosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils Histones Wrapped around proteins (histones and nucleosomes)

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