1. Socket Programming in C
Professor: Dr. Shu-Ching Chen
TA: Samira Pouyanfar, Hector Cen

2. What is socket? An interface between application processes
An Application Programming Interface (API) used for InterProcess Communications (IPC)
Sockets bound to some IP and port number
The socket library provides various system calls
Examples: socket(), bind(), listen(), connect(), accept(),send(), recv(), close()
– The application process can send/receive messages to/from another application process (local or remote)via a socket
An interface through which processes can send /receive information
Socket: An interface between an application process and transport layer
A well defined method of connecting two processes, defined method of connecting two processes, locally or across a network

3. Client-server paradigm
initiates contact with server (“speaks first”)
typically requests service
from server,
For Web, client is implemented in browser;
Server:
provides requested service to client
typically requests service from server,
e.g., Web server sends requested Web page.
Most interprocess communication uses the client server model. These terms refer to the two processes which will be communicating with each other. One of the two processes, theclient, connects to the other process, the server, typically to make a request for information. A good analogy is a person who makes a phone call to another person. Notice that the client needs to know of the existence of and the address of the server, but the server does not need to know the address of (or even the existence of) the client prior to the connection being established.
Notice also that once a connection is established, both sides can send and receive information.
The system calls for establishing a connection are somewhat different for the client and the server, but both involve the basic construct of a socket. A socket is one end of an interprocess communication channel. The two processes  each establish their own socket.

4. Types of socket (1) Two types of internet Sockets
Stream sockets SOCK_STREAM
Connection oriented
Rely on TCP to provide reliable two-way connected communication
Datagram sockets SOCK_DGRAM
Rely on UDP
Connection is unreliable
There are two widely used socket types, stream sockets, and datagram sockets. Stream sockets treat communications as a continuous stream of characters, while datagram sockets have to read entire messages at once. Each uses its own communciations protocol.
Stream sockets use TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), which is a reliable, stream oriented protocol, and datagram sockets use UDP (Unix Datagram Protocol), which is unreliable and message oriented.
UDP is comm
only used for streaming audio and video. UDP is only concerned with speed.

5. Types of socket (2) Stream sockets – connection-oriented (TCP)
Connection–based sockets communicate client-server: the server waits for a connection from the client
Three-way handshake
Algorithm for TCP client:
-Find the IP address and port number of server
-Create a TCP socket
-Connect the socket to server
-Send-receive data with server using the socket
-close the connection
Algorithm for TCP server:
-Bind the server socket to server IP and port number
-Accept a new connection from client
-Send-receive data with clientusing the client socket
-close the connection with client

6. Types of socket (3) Datagram sockets- connectionless socket (UDP)
Algorithm for TCP client:
-Find the IP address and port number of server
-Create a UDPsocket
-Send-receive data with server using the socket
-close the connection
Algorithm for TCP server:
-Create a UDP socket
-Bind the server socket to server IP and port number
-Accept a new connection from client
-Send-receive data with clientusing the client socket
-close the connection with client
UDP user datagram protocol
A datagram socket provides a symmetric data exchange interface without requiring connection establishment. Each message carries the destination address.
sendto(s, buf, buflen, flags, (struct sockaddr *) &to, tolen);
The s, buf, buflen, and flags parameters are the same as in connection-oriented sockets. The to and tolen values indicate the address of the intended recipient of the message. A locally detected error condition, such as an unreachable network, causes a return of -1 and errno to be set to the error number.
recvfrom(s, buf, buflen, flags, (struct sockaddr *) &from, &fromlen);
To receive messages on a datagram socket, recvfrom(3SOCKET) is used. Before the call, fromlen is set to the size of the from buffer. On return, fromlen is set to the size of the address from which the datagram was received.

7. Primary Socket Calls (1)
Socket() : Returns a file descriptor(socket ID) if successful, -1 otherwise.
Arguments
Domain: set to AF_INET
Type:
SOCK_STREAM
SOCK_DGRAM
SOCK_SEQPACKET
Protocol: If it is set as zero, then socket will choose the correct protocol based on type.
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
The domain argument specifies the address family used in the communications domain. 
Protocol Family:
PF_INET or
PF_UNI
The type argument can be:
I SOCK STREAM: Establishes a virtual circuit for stream
I SOCK DGRAM: Establishes a datagram for communication
I SOCK SEQPACKET: Establishes a reliable, connection based, two way communication with maximum message size. (This is not available on most machines.)
protocol is usually zero, so that type defines the connection within domain.
The call returns a integer identifier called a handle

8. Primary Socket Calls (2)
Bind() : Associate a socket id with an address to which other processes can connect.
Arguments
Sockfd: It is the socket id
My_addr: a pointer to the address family dependent address structure
Addrlen: It is the size of *my_addr
int bind(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *my_addr, int addrlen);
sockfd is the socket descriptor returned by socket()
– my_addr is pointer to struct sockaddr that contains information about your IP address and port
– addrlen is set to sizeof(struct sockaddr)
– returns -1 on error
– my_addr.sin_port = 0; //choose an unused port at random
– my_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; //use my IP adr

9. Primary Socket Calls (3)
Listen() : Return 0 on success, or –1 if failure
Arguments
Sockfd: It is socket id created by socket()
Backlog : It is used to constraint the number of connection
int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
listen for connections on a socket SYNOPSIS
Where size it the number of pending connection requests allowed (typically limited by Unix kernels to 5).

10. Primary Socket Calls (4)
Connect() : connect to a remote host
Arguments
Sockfd: It is the socket descriptor returned by socket()
serv_addr : It is a pointer to to struct sockaddr that contains information on destination IP address and port
Addrlen: It is set to sizeof(struct sockaddr)
int connect(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *serv_addr, int addrlen);
Specifies the destination to form a connection with (addrPtr), and
returns a 0 if successful, -1 otherwise.

11. Primary Socket Calls (5)
Accept() : gets the pending connection on the port you are listen()ing on.
Arguments
Sockfd: It is the same socket id used by listen()
Addr: It is a pointer to a local struct sockaddr which stores the information about incoming connection
Addrlen: It is set to sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)
int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, int *addrlen);
if lenPtr or addrPtr equal zero, no address structure is returned.
lenPtr is the maximum size of address structure that can be called, returns the actual value.
Waits for an incoming request, and when received creates a socket for it.

12. Primary Socket Calls (6)
Send() : Send a message. Returns the number of bytes sent or -1 if failure.
Arguments
Sockfd: It is the same socket id used by socket() or accept()
msg: It is the pointer to the data you want to send
Len: data length is sizeof(msg)
Flags : It is set to be zero
int send(int sockfd, const void *msg, int len, int flags);
flag is either
I 0: default
I MSG OOB: Out-of-band high priority communication

13. Primary Socket Calls (7)
recv() : Receive up to len bytes in buf. Returns the number of bytes received or -1 on failure.
Arguments
Sockfd: It is the socket descriptor to read from
buf: It is the buffer to read the information info
Len: It is the maximum length of the buffer
Flags : It is set to be zero
int recv(int sockfd, void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags);
returns the number of bytes actually read into the buffer or -1 on error
returns 0, the remote side has closed connection on you
flags can be either
I 0: default
I MSG OOB: out-of-bound message
I MSG PEEK: look at message without removing

14. Primary Socket Calls (8)
shutdown() : disable sending or receiving based on the value how.
Arguments
Sockfd
How
Set it to 0 will disable receiving
Set it to 1 will disable sending
Set it to 2 will disable both sending and receiving
int shutdown(int sockfd, int how);

15. Primary Socket Calls (9)
Close() : Close connection corresponding to the socket descriptor and frees the socket descriptor.
int close(int sockfd)

16. example – server (1)
read() is equivalent to recv() with a flags parameter of 0.
Other values for the flags parameter change the behaviour of recv().
Similarly, write() is equivalent to send() with flags == 0.

17. example – server (2)
bzero function will be used to set all the socket structures with null values
void bzero(void *s, int nbyte); This function does not return anything. Parameters: s: specifies string which has to be filled with null bytes.This will be a point to socket structure variable nbyte: specifies the number of bytes to be filled with null values. This will be the size of the socket structure.

18. example – Client (1)
The bcopy function copies nbyte bytes from string s1 to the string s2. Overlapping strings are handled correctly.
void bcopy(const void *s1, void *s2, int nbyte); This function does not return anything.
Parameters:
s1: specifies the source string.
s2: specifies the destination string.
nbyte: specifies the number of bytes to be copied.

19. example – client (2)

20. Reference http://home.iitk.ac.in/~chebrolu/ee673-f06/sockets.pdf
ftp://ftp.sas.com/techsup/download/SASC/share /S5958v2.pdf
Beej's Guide to Network Programming Using Internet Sockets
Sockets Tutorial