1. A Tour of the Cell

2. Cytology: science/study of cells
Light microscopy
Limited resolving power~ measure of clarity
Electron microscopy •TEM~ electron beam to study cell ultrastructure (internal) •SEM~ electron beam to study cell surfaces
Cell fractionation~ breaks apart cell to study organelles
Ultracentrifuges~ separates organelles by density

3. Cell Types: Prokaryotic
Bacteria
Example: E.coli, Salmonella
No organelles with membranes (ex: mitochondria)
HAS:
Nucleoid region: DNA concentration
Circular Chromosomes
Ribosomes: protein synthesis
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm/cytosol

4. Cell Types: Eukaryotic
Generally more advanced than prokaryotes
All cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic
Nuclear membrane
Numerous membrane-bound organelles

5. Cell Theory http://www.ucopenaccess.org/course/view.php?id=67
All living things are made of cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells are the basics units of structure and function for living organisms
Key Playas:
Robert Hooke
Saw the first cell
Coined the term “cell”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Saw the first “living” cell in pond water
Theodor Schwann
concluded all animals are made of cells
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
concluded all plants are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow

6. Cell size
As cell size increases, the surface area to volume ratio decreases
Rates of chemical exchange may then be inadequate for cell size
Cell size, therefore, remains small

7. Nucleus
Genetic material... •chromatin •chromosomes •nucleolus: ribosome synthesis (rRNA)
Double membrane envelope with pores
Protein synthesis (mRNA)

8. Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis 2 types: Free Bound Cytosol
protein function in cell
Bound
endoplasmic reticulum
membranes, organelles, and export

9. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Continuous with nuclear envelope
Smooth ER
no ribosomes
synthesis of lipids
metabolism of carbohydrates
detoxification of drugs and poisons
Rough ER
with ribosomes
synthesis of secretory proteins (glycoproteins), membrane production

10. Golgi apparatus ER products are modified, stored, and then shipped
Cisternae: flattened membranous sacs
cis face (receiving)
trans face (shipping)
Transport vesicles carry materials from GA

11. Lysosomes Sac of hydrolytic enzymes
digestion of macromolecules
Apoptosis: programmed cell death caused by the rupture of lysosomes
Autophagy: recycle cell’s own organic material
Tay-Sachs disease~ lipid-digestion disorder

12. Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs (larger than vesicles)
Food from phagocytosis
Contractile vacuole (pump excess water)
Central vacuole (storage in plants)

13. Mitochondria Quantity in cell correlated with metabolic activity
Cellular respiration
Production of ATP
Contain own DNA
Double membranous (phospholipid)
cristae (inner folds)
matrix
intermembrane space;

14. Chloroplast Quantity in cell correlated with photosynthetic activity
Photosynthesis
Production of glucose
Type of plastid
Own DNA
Double membranous
thylakoids (flattened disks)
grana (stacked thylakoids)
stroma

15. Endosymbiosis Theory
Believed that both mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independently living prokaryotes

16. Peroxisomes Stores hydrogen peroxide produced in cells
Metabolism of fatty acids
Detoxification of alcohol (liver)
Hydrogen peroxide then converted to water by hydrogen peroxidase

17. The Cytoskeleton Fibrous network in cytoplasm
Support, cell motility, biochemical regulation
Microtubules:
thickest
tubulin protein
shape, support, transport, chromosome separation
Microfilaments:
thinnest
actin protein filaments
motility, cell division, shape
Intermediate filaments:middle diameter
keratin;
shape, nucleus anchorage

18. Centrioles Centrioles: 9 sets of triplet microtubules in a ring
used in cell replication
only in animal cells

19. Cilia / Flagella Locomotive appendages
Ultrastructure: 9 groups of 2 dynein protein tubules

20. Cell Membrane “The Bouncer” aka the Morturano
A double layer made of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds the cell.
Controls what enter and leaves the cell

21. Cell Wall / Junctions Cell wall: Plant cell: Plasmodesmata:
not in animal cells
protection, shape, regulation
strong durable matrix of cellulose
wood
Plant cell:
primary cell wall
middle lamella: pectin (polysaccharide) holds cells together
secondary cell wall
Plasmodesmata:
cell wall perforations
water and solute passage in plants

22. Extracellular matrix (ECM)
Glycoproteins:
proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrate
Collagen (50% of protein in human body)
embedded in proteoglycan (another glycoprotein - 95% carbohydrate)
Fibronectins
bind to receptor proteins in plasma membrane called integrins (cell communication?)

23. Intracellular junctions
PLANTS:
Plasmodesmata
ANIMALS:
Tight junctions:
fusion of neighboring cells
prevents leakage between cells
Desmosomes:
riveted, anchoring junction
strong sheets of cells
Gap junctions:
cytoplasmic channels
allows passage of materials or current between cells