1. Take 5 (2/16/12) Where do you find fungi?
Are most fungi multicellular or unicellular?
Give an example of a fungus.

2. Take 5: 2/24/12 Stolons Zygospores Their spore producing structures
Which hyphae grow horizontally along a surface in order to produce a mycelium? ______________
What is formed when bread mold reproduces sexually?
____________
Fungi are classified into groups by their
__________________________________
Stolons
Zygospores
Their spore producing structures

3. Take 5 (2/24/10)
Study for Vocabulary Quiz!

4. Take 5 (2/25/10) What is formed when bread mold reproduces sexually?
Yeasts usually reproduce asexaully by ____________
Puffballs and mushrooms are examples of ________.
zygospores
budding
Club fungi

5. Take 5 (2/17/12)
Food is digested ________ a fungus’s cells. This is called ____________.
What are the 3 ways that a fungi can reproduce asexually?
_________ is a case or sac in which spores are produced.
outside
Extracellular digestion
Fragmentation, budding, or producing spores
Sporangium

6. Take 5: 2/23/12 Ascomycota chitin Haustoria
Yeasts, truffels, food mold (refrigerator) are examples of ______________
The cell walls of fungi are composed primarily of ______________
Parasitic fungi have developed specialized hyphae that penetrate host cells to absorb nutrients. These hyphae are called __________________
Ascomycota
chitin
Haustoria

7. Chapter 20
Fungi!

8. Section 20.1
What is a Fungus?

9. I. The Characteristics of Fungi
__________ are everywhere, in the air and ________, on damp basement walls, in gardens, on __________ and sometimes even between people’s __________.
Fungi
water
foods
toes

10. This patient presented with a case of a periorbital fungal infection known as mucormycosis, or phycomycosis. Mucormycosis is a dangerous fungal infection usually occurring in the immunocompromised patient, affecting the regions of the eye, nose, and through its growth and destruction of the periorbital tissues, it will eventually invade the brain cavity.

11. I. The Characteristics of Fungi
The structure of Fungi
Most fungi are __________________.
Hyphae= threadlike ___________ which develop from fungal ___________
___________= hyphae that elongate at their tips and branch extensively to form a ______________.
There are different types of __________ in a mycelium.
Ex: Some __________ the funus, some _________ the food source, and other form fungal ________ structures.
The _________ _________ of most fungi contain chitin.
multicellular
filaments
spores
Mycelium
network
hyphae
anchor
invade
reproductive
Cell walls

12. Inside hyphae
Many types of fungi have cross walls called septa that divide hyphae into individual cells that contain one or more nuclei

13. Hyphae Functions The hyphae in a mycelium have different functions
some anchor the fungus
some invade the food source
others form fungal reproductive structures

14. I. The Characteristics of Fungi
Inside hyphae
Septa = cross walls that ___________ hyphae into individual ___________ that contain __________ or more nuclei.
___________ are usually porous, allowing ___________ and organelles to flow freely.
divide
cells
one
Septa
cytoplasm

15. Inside hyphae
Septa allow cytoplasm, organelles, and nutrients to flow freely
Some fungi consist of hyphae with no septa
There you will see 100’s of nuclei streaming along in a continuous flow of cytoplasm
septa

16. II. Adaptations of Fungi
Photograph of an individual with “ringworm”, or tinea capitis of the scalp caused by Microsporum gypseum. Although it is rare, M. gypseum, a natural soil habitant, can cause tinea on humans and animals. This fungus usually produces a single inflammatory skin lesion which has scaly patches and hair loss, or broken hair shafts.
II. Adaptations of Fungi
Fungi can be __________, cause food to _________ or cause diseases.
The can also plan an important and beneficial role, they are ____________.
The break down complex _________ substances into raw materials that other living organisms ________________.
harmful
spoil
decomposers
organic
need

17. II. Adaptations of Fungi
How fungi obtain Food
Fungi are ___________, and they use a process called __________________ to obtain nutrients.
Food is digested __________ a fungus's cells, and the digested products are then absorbed.
The more a __________ grows, the more surface are becomes available for _________ absorption.
heterotrophs
Extracellular digestion
outside
mycelium
nutrient

18. How fungi obtain food
Key to success:
The more a mycelium grows, the more surface area becomes available for nutrient absorption

19. II. Adaptations of Fungi
Different Feeding Relationships
Fungi have different types of ______ _______
They may be a saprophyte ( __________ ), a mutualist (_________ relationship), or a parasite (live off a host)
Parasitic fungi may reproduce specialized hyphae called ___________, which penetrate and grow into host cells where they directly absorb the host cells’ ___________.
Food sources
decomposers
symbiotic
haustoria
nutrients

20. saprophytes mutualist parasitic decomposers lichen Insect killer
“Fungus among us”
saprophytes
mutualist
decomposers
Ant = fungi farmers
lichen
parasitic
Insect killer

21. III. Reproduction in Fungi
A fungus may reproduce __________ or sexually.
Asexually by fragmentation, ___________, or producing _________.
Fragmentation and Budding
In fragmentation, pieces of _________ that are broken off, grow into new mycelia.
The __________ fungi called ___________ often reproduce by a process called budding- a form of asexual reproduction in which __________ occurs and a new individual pinches off from the _________, matures and separates from the parent.
asexually
budding
spores
hyphae
yeasts
unicellular
mitosis
parent

22. Fragmentation vs. Budding
Pieces of hyphae break off a mycelium and grows into a new mycelium
Seen in unicellular yeast. Mitosis occurs and new individual pinches off from the parent, matures and separates from the parent
pieces

23. Budding

24. III. Reproduction in Fungi
Reproducing by Spores
Most fungi produce _________
When conditions are favorable a __________ hyphae emerges and begin to grow forming a new ____________.
In some fungi, specialized hyphae grow away from the rest of a mycelium and produce a spore-containing a structure called a ___________- a sac or ________ in which spores are produced.
For most fungi, the specialized reproductive hyphal structures where the fungal __________ are reproduced are usually the only part of a fungus you can ___________.
Most produce two types of __________, one by mitosis and the other by __________ at different times during their life cycle.
spores
threadlike
mycelium
sporangium
case
spores
see
spores
meiosis

25. Reproducing by spores Recall Most fungi produce spores
Spore = reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism
Most fungi produce spores

27. reproductive hyphal structures are the only part of the fungus you see
How mold grows on bread 1 2 3

29. III. Reproduction in Fungi
The Adaptive Advantages of Spores
Many adaptive advantages of fungi involve ________ and their _________.
First sproangia protect spores until they are ready to be ___________.
Second, most fungi produce _________ number of ________ at one time.
Producing so many spore increases the ________ rate that improves the species _________ chances.
Fungal spores are ___________ and lightweight and can be dispersed by __________, ___________, and animals.
spores
production
released
large
spores
germination
survival
small
wind
water

31. Amanita phalloides
death cap mushroom

32. Amanita phalloides
These toxic mushrooms resemble several edible species commonly consumed by humans, increasing the risk of accidental poisoning.
The toxin damages the liver and kidneys; it is often fatally. It is estimated that half a cap is enough to kill a human.
Death occurs 6-16 days after the poisoning.
des

33. Amanita phalloides The death cap is native to Europe.
The toxicity is not reduced by cooking, freezing, or drying.
Consumption of the death cap is a medical emergency requiring hospitalization.
Death caps have been reported to taste pleasant. There is a delay in the appearance of symptoms—during which time internal organs are severely, sometimes irreparably, damaged. Initially, symptoms are gastrointestinal in nature and include abdominal pain, with watery diarrhea and vomiting.

34. Section 20.2
The Diversity of Fungi

35. I. Zygomycota
Zygomycotes reproduce __________ by reproducing spores, or sexually by producing another type of spores.
The _________ of zygomycotes do not have septa that divide them into individual ________.
EX: Rhizopus stol0nifer (bread mold)
asexually
hyphae
cells

36. I. Zygomycota Growth and Sexual Reproduction bread grow stolon
When a Rizopus spore settles on a piece of ________, it germinates and hypae begin to _________. Some hyphae called ________ grow horizontally along the surface of the bread producing __________. Some other hyphae form ________ that penetrate the food and _________ the mycelium in the bread. Rhizoids secrete ________ needed for _________ digestion.
bread
grow
stolon
mycelium
rhizoids
anchor
enzymes
Extracellular

37. I. Zygomycota spores hundreds Producing zygospores germinate fungus
Asexual reproduction: _________ develop in the sporangia, when it splits open _________ of spores are released. Those that land on moist food _________.
Producing zygospores
When the conditions become unfavorable the _________ might reproduce sexually.
When zygomycotes reproduce sexually, the produce zygospores- which are thick-walled spores that can withstand bad conditions.
Gametangium= a structure containing a haploid nucleus.
spores
hundreds
germinate
fungus

39. II. Ascomycotes Ascomycota is the _________ phylum of fungi. largest
The yare also called _______ fungus, which refers to the tiny saclike structures called ascus, in which the _________ spores of the fungi develop.
The sexual spore are called _________
During sexual reproduction, _______ or clusters as asexual spores celled conidia develop.
_______, ________, ___________ disperse these haploid spores.
largest
sac
sexual
ascospores
chains
Wind water and animals

40. Ascomycotes
conidia
Fungal hyphae grow up form the mycelium and elongate to form conidiophores
Chains or clusters of asexual spores called conidia develop from the tips of conidiophores
conidiophore

41. Ascomycotes Phylum Ascomycota (largest phylum) 30,000 species
Aka “sac fungi”

42. Yeast Budding! II. Ascomycotes Important Ascomycotes refrigerator
A few types of sac fungi in your __________ in the form of blue-green, red, and brown molds on decaying _________.
Some cause _________ diseases.
Morels and _______ are two edible members of this phylum
Maybe one of the most important is the __________.
Yeasts are unicellular _______ fungi that rarely produce hyphae and usually reproduce asexually by __________.
refrigerator
foods
plant
truffles
yeast
sac
budding

43. Important ascomycetes
In fridge, blue-green, red and brown molds on foods
Cause plant disease on farms (i.e. apple scab, ergot of rye)
Not all sac fungi have bad reputation
ex: morels and truffles

44. II. Ascomycotes sugars alcohol genetics chromosomes
Yeasts are anaerobes and ferment _________ to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl _________.
They are also important tools for research in ________ because the have large ____________.
sugars
alcohol
genetics
chromosomes

45. III. Basidiomycotes Badidia and basidiospores club spores
Basidiomycotes have _______-shaped hyphae called basidia – that produce ________ and give them their common name –club fungi.
Spores called ____________ are produce in basisia during reproduction.
A basidiomycote, such as a _________ has a complex reproductive _________. (pg 539)
club
spores
basidiospores
mushroom
Life cycle

46. Basidomycotes
examples: Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bird’s nest fungi, bracket fungi

47. Basidia and basidospores
These fungi have club-shaped hyphae known as basidia that produce spores known as “basidiospores ”

48. IV. Deuteromycotes These have no __________ stage in their life cycle.
Diverse deuteromycotes
Deuteromycotes are used in the making of __________ jams, soft drinks, and ___________.
sexual
foods
antibiotics

49. Diverse Deuteromycotes
Penicillin (antibiotic) produced from a deuteromycote

50. Diverse Deuteromycotes
Deuteromycotes are commonly seen growing on fruit
They are used in making soy sauce & blue-veined cheese
Also, they are used to produce citric acid for jams, jellies, soft drinks and tart fruit-flavored candies

51. V. Mutualism: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
Mycorrhiza is a __________ relationship in which a fungus lives symbiotically with a _________.
Most of the _______ that form mycorrhyzae are ____________.
The hyphae __________ the absorptive surface of the plants _________, and the fungus receives _________ nutrients such as _________ and amino acids form the plant.
About ____ % of all plants species have mycorrhizae associated with their __________.
mutualistic
plant
fungi
basidiomycotes
increase
roots
organic
sugars
80-90
roots

52. Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhiza = mutualist relationship in which fungus lives symbiotically with plant

53. Mycorrhizae
Plants with mycorrhizae grow larger and are more productive
Ex: orchids will not germinate without symbiotic fungus to provide water and nutrients

54. VI. Lichen
The orange, green, and black blotches you see on rocks and trees are form of _________.
Lichen is a symbiotic association between a _______ and a photosynthetic green _________ or a cyanobacterium.
Lichen need only ______, air, and ________ to grow, the photosynthetic partner provides the ________ for both organisms
The fungus, in turn, provides its partner with ________ and _______ that it absorbs.
Lichens are __________.
Lichens live in a variety of _________, and are indicators of __________.
lichens
fungus
algae
light
minerals
food
water
nutrients
pioneers
climates
pollution

55. Lichens Orange, Green, Black lichens on rocks
Lichen = symbiotic association between a fungus (ascomycote) & photosynthetic green alga or cyanobacterium
20,000 species

56. Lichens Lichens are pioneers (the first to colonize a barren area)
They live in arid deserts and the artic tundra where caribou and musk oxen graze on them

57. Lichens
Lichens are good indicators of pollution levels because when the pollutants enter the fungus, it kills it, ultimately killing the lichen.