1. Solutions
Chapter 12

2. Vocabulary
Solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase
Solvent: the dissolving medium in a solution
Solute: the substance dissolved in a solution
Solution can be liquid or solid or gaseous

3.  liquid-liquid
solid-liquid
solid-solid

4. gas-liquid

5. Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution
Surface area: greater surface area speeds up the rate
Agitation: shaking or stirring speeds up the rate
Temperature: higher temperature usually favor a higher rate, except in the case of most gases, then a lower temperature speeds up the rate

7. Like Dissolves Like Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents
Nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents
Molecules can have a polar end and nonpolar end (especially if they are large)
This is why soap will dissolve grease and then be washed away in water

8. Complimentary Laughter, Please

9. Concentration of Solutions
Concentration: a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution
Molarity: the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution
Molarity (M) = amount of solute (mol)
volume of solution (L)

10. Molarity One mole of NaOH has a mass of 39.998 g.
If this mass is dissolved in enough water to make exactly 1.00 L of solution, the solution is a 1 M solution.
If 20.0 g of NaOH is dissolved in enough water to make 1.00 L of solution, what is the molarity? M NaOH

11. Notice that 1 mol of solute added to 1 L of solvent does not usually make 1 M solution
Adding the solute to 1 L will cause the volume to increase

13. The preparation of a 0.0128 M solution of CuSO4  5H2O
Start by calculating the mass needed. Convert the mol to mass by multiplying by the molar mass. This mass is 3.20 g.

15. The resulting solution has 0. 0128 mol of solute dissolved in 1
The resulting solution has mol of solute dissolved in L of solution, which is a M concentration

16. Problem
You have 3.50 L of solution that contains 90.0 g of NaCl. What is the molarity of the solution?
Given : solute mass of 90.0 g NaCl and solution volume of 3.50 L
First change g to mol
90.0 g NaCl = 1.54 mol NaCl

17. Continued Divide mol of solute by liters of solution 1.54 mol NaCl
3.50 L solution
0.440 M NaCl

18. Problem
You have 0.8 L of a 0.5 M HCl solution. How many moles of HCl does this solution contain?
M = mol/L so mol = M  L
0.5 M  0.8 L = 0.4 mol HCl
How many grams is this? (use 3 sig figs)
14.6 g HCl

19. Problem
If you have 61.9 mL of a 2M solution of HCl, how many moles do you have?
Convert 61.9 mL to liters by dividing by 1000. L
mol = M L
mol = = mol HCl
Good practice problems are on page 427 in classroom book, problems number 15,16, 17a, 18-24

20. Dilutions
Concentrated solutions are purchased in standard molarities called stock solutions
You can prepare a less concentrated solution by diluting the stock solution with solvent (usually water)
The number of moles of solute does not change when you dilute

22. Making Dilutions
The molarity times the volume of the stock solution equals the molarity times the volume of the dilution
M1V1 = M2V2
Where M1V1 is the molarity and volume of the stock solution and M2V2 is the molarity and volume of the dilution

24. Problem
What volume, in mL of 2.00 M calcium chloride stock solution would you use to make 0.50 L of M calcium chloride solution?
Write down what you are given
M1 = 2.00 M CaCl2 V1 = ?
M2 = M V2 = 0.50 L

25. Continued (2.00 M)(x) = (0.300)(0.50) 2.00x = 0.15 x = 0.075 L
Since the answer has to be in mL:
(0.075)(1000)
75 mL of the stock solution must be measured and then water added to make 0.50 L

26. Problems
What volume of a 3.00 M KI stock solution would you use to make L of a 1.25 M KI solution?
How many mL of a 5.0 M H2SO4 stock solution would you need to prepare mL of a 0.25 M H2SO4?
If you dilute 20.0 mL of a 3.5 M solution to make mL of solution, what is the molarity of the dilute solution?
0.125 L or 125 mL
5.0 mL
0.70 M