1. Pioneers of Modern Humanity

2. ARCHAIC Homo sapiens By 100,000 Years Ago ...
Found throughout the “Old World”
Physically similar, culturally distinct
“Growing into” local environments
A “critical mass” of neurons attained

3. ARCHAIC Homo sapiens Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
By 100,000 Years Ago ...
ARCHAIC Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Discovered by Johann Fuhlrott in 1856 in a small cave at Feldhofer in the Neander Valley in Germany. The find consisted of a skullcap, thigh bones, part of a pelvis, some ribs, and some arm and shoulder bones. The lower left arm had been broken in life, and as a result the bones of the left arm were smaller than those of the right.
There were actually two earlier Neandertal finds. A partial cranium of a 2.5 year old child found in 1829 in Belgium was not recognized until An adult cranium found on Gibraltar in 1848 gathered dust in a museum until it was recognized as a Neandertal in 1864.

4. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Mainly confined to SW Europe
1400cc skull capacity (vs. 1300cc for mod humans)
Very robust skeleton
Comparison of top view of Chimpanzee, Homo erectus, and Neandertal skulls.

5. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Middle Paleolithic (Middle Old Stone Age)
Mousterian Culture
Flake tool technology…
Levallois flakes
Earlier cultures had core tool lithic technologies, Mousterian is characterized by flake tools.
First hominid known to have buried the dead.
consciousness…
aesthetics….
religion

6. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
What happened to Neandertal?

7. By 40,000 Years Ago….
Homo sapiens sapiens
….had “grown into” a wide variety of local habitats throughout the
Old World by cultural adaptation.
Upper Paleolithic Sequence in Southwestern France and Northern Spain
Lascaux
Magdalenian 15,000-10,000BC
Altamira
Solutrian 18,000-15,000BC
Pech Merle
Solutrian Laurel-leaf Points
Gravettian 22,000-18,000BC
“Venus” figurines
Aurignacian 28,500-22,000BC
Burins
Chatelperronian 38,000-28,500BC
Backed blades

8. Lascaux - southwestern France
Upper Paleolithic Art (ca. 12, 000 BP)
Lascaux - southwestern France
In this panel of Back-to Back Bison, reserves around the limbs in the background, distortion of shapes, choice of surface, symmetrical composition, are all used to create a three dimensional effect...

9. Altamira - northern Spain
Upper Paleolithic Art (ca. 12, 000 BP)
Altamira - northern Spain
In this representation of a horse, red is ocher, black charcoal. Undulations in cave wall and ceiling were incorporated in the composition of the paintings.

10. Upper Paleolithic Art (ca. 12, 000 BP)
Pech Merle - Spotted Horses (entoptic phenomena?)

11. Summary of Early Fossil Evidence
This chart shows rough sequence of fossil hominids.
10,000BP
Homo sapiens (full culture, worldwide distribution)
100,000BP
Homo sapiens (Neandertal, et al.)
1mBP
Homo erectus (Radiation thru Old World)
2mBP
Homo habilis (Earliest Culture?)
3mBP
Australopithecus var. (Fully bipedal)
4mBP
Ardipithecus ramidus (Earliest hominines?)
5mBP

12. Post Pleistocene Adaptations
Exam 1 Scores
A – 8
B – 10
C – 6
D – 1
F – 0
O - 2
Mesolithic and Archaic - After last glaciation in Europe and New World.

13. Neolithic The Neolithic Revolution domestication of plants and animals
occurred independently in several “hearths”
Sedentary, population increase, specialization
in division of labor
Jericho; Jarmo - early villages

14. Early Civilization
Developed in various places at different times….
generally in area of earliest domestication.
Sumerian Civilization - Early Phases (Developed in the Fertile Crecent region.)
Sumerian Early Dynasty BCE
Sumerian Protoliterate BCE
Sumerian Ubaid Phase BCE