1. Urbanization
Increase in the number of cities and the people living in them

2. Advantages of Cities Job opportunities. Opportunities for women. Money
Advantages of Cities Job opportunities? Opportunities for women? Money? Education? Entertainment? What is rural-to-urban migration?
JOBS: Factories & service industries
WOMEN: Women’s opportunities increased
Domestic servants, teachers, secretaries
MONEY: Saving money – Why?
EDUCATION: Education for children
ENTERTAINMENT: Theaters, social clubs, museums
RURAL-to-URBAN MIGRATION: Farmers/Rural Americans move to cities

3. Cities grew rapidly Terrible Conditions GROWTH OF URBANIZATION
near raw materials
industrial areas
transportation routes.
Opportunities in the job market.
Terrible Conditions
Poor sanitary and living conditions
Tenement apartments
Sweathouses

4. Migration from Country to Cities
Farm technology decreases need for laborers; people move to cities
Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood
1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence
Find segregation, discrimination in North too
Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension
The move to factory work was hard on farmers because they now had to face a boss’s restrictions and rules and be confined to a factory and not be outdoors.

5. Urban Technological Improvements Key inventions. Inventors
Urban Technological Improvements Key inventions? Inventors? What problems did they solve?
Skyscrapers (overcrowding)
Safety Elevator (Elisha Otis)
Electric streetcars (cleaner, quieter)
Subways (overcrowding)

6. Engineers Build Skyward
Skyscrapers = 10 story and taller buildings that had steel frames.
Provided office space for cities that had no more room left on the ground.
Elisha Otis = Developed safety elevator that would not fall if the lifting rope broke.
The American Institute of Architecture-1857
Required education and licensing to become and architect.
Built schools, libraries, train stations, residents and office buildings.

7. Electricity and Mass Transit
Electric street cars were reliable and could carry more people than horse carts.
Electric cable cars did have problems:
The cables used to run the cars could block fire trucks, and traffic congestion blocked them from running on schedule.
Boston = first subway system in NYC followed in 1904.
Growth of suburbs for those who could afford transit fares away from the city.

8. Issues of Urban Living Major problems. What are tenements
Issues of Urban Living Major problems? What are tenements? What were the living conditions?
MAJOR PROBLEMS: Overcrowding, poverty, poor sanitation
TENEMENTS: Low-cost, multi-family housing
LIVING CONDITIONS: Poor water quality, potential for fire, overcrowding
OTHER PROBLEMS: Dangerous streets, crime, tension between urban groups (gangs)

9. THE EXPANDING CITY AND ITS PROBLEMS
Urban problems
Housing
Public health
Crime
Immorality
Expansion of industry was main cause of urban growth
1890: one person in three lived in a city
1910: nearly one in two
Increasing proportion of urban population was immigrants

10. Housing Conditions
Tenements = Low cost multifamily housing designed to fit in as many families as possible.
Tenements were not clean, had little windows, poor ventilation, and were dangerous.

11. TEEMING TENEMENTS
As cities grew, sewer and water facilities could not keep up
Fire protection became increasingly inadequate
Garbage piled up in streets
Streets crumbled under increased traffic
Housing was inadequate and encouraged disease and disintegration of family life
FAMILY IN ATTIC WITH DRYING LAUNDRY,
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Detroit Publishing Company Collection

12. Water and Sanitation Water Sanitation
1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare
Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908
Sanitation
Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection
Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses often do not do job properly
By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments

13. Fire and Crime Crime As population grows, thieves flourish
Early police forces too small to be effective
Fire
Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters
Most firefighters volunteers, not always available
1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire departments
Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer

14. City Planners start to control growth
As cities grew, architectural firms expanded to offer city planning services to make cities more functional and beautiful.
Cities were zoned for different uses. (residential, industrial and financial)
Parks, boulevards, buildings and electric street lights were a few of the new developments.
Frederick Law Olmstead = Designed Philadelphia’s Fairmount Park, NYC’s Central Park, and similar parks in Detroit, Washington D.C., and California.

15. These characteristics and issues of urbanization caused…
… These cultural trends in America during the Gilded Age…

16. Conspicuous Consumerism How did lifestyles change
Conspicuous Consumerism How did lifestyles change? How available did goods become? What new amenities emerged?
People buying more goods than ever (increase in consumerism)
Purchasing goods for the purpose of impressing others
People are able to buy more than they ever have in the past
People now working for wages (instead of on farms)
NEW AMENITIES: Department stores, advertising, mail-order catalogs

17. Mass Culture Boom What is it. How was it spread
Mass Culture Boom What is it? How was it spread? Who were some key people in it?
WHAT?: Similar cultural patterns in a society
SPREAD by transportation, communication, & advertising
WHO?: Literature criticized society – Mark Twain & Horatio Alger
Compulsory schools, increased literacy rate
College for women and African Americans

18. Advertising
Rowland H. Macy = opened one of the first department stores in N.Y. in 1858 and it became the largest in America.
Methods used = advertising, goods organized into departments, and high quality goods for fair prices.
New concepts at other stores = money back guarantee, newspaper advertisements, lower shipping rates, distinctive logos, and long distance shipping.

19. Newspapers Helped create mass culture.
Between newspapers increased from 600 to more than 1600.
Joseph Pulitzer- The World and the Evening World.
Believed it was his job to inform people and stir up controversy.
Included comics, exposure of political corruption, sports and illustrations.
William Randolph Hearst- Morning Journal. Competitor to Joseph Pulitzer.
Special interest newspapers soon began to spring up in ethnic neighborhoods as well.

20. Education Literacy rate rose to about 90% in 1900.
More schools being built for children.
Science, woodworking, drafting, civics, business training, English.
John Dewey- new methods of teaching that allowed students to answer their own questions.
Higher education institutions became specialized to train in urban careers.
Teaching, social work, and nursing were some of the new careers.
Led to an advancement in women’s colleges.

21. New Entertainment What were the new types of entertainment
New Entertainment What were the new types of entertainment? What event, shows, and spectator sports emerged?
Amusement parks, performances, events
Theatres, shows, motion pictures (Nickelodeons)
Spectator sports – baseball, horse racing, boxing, football, basketball

22. Amusement Parks 1884= First Roller Coaster (Lamarcus Thompson)
First ride to open at Coney Island.
Parks offered a new getaway for people who would otherwise go on a picnic for a daily adventure.