1. Data Control Language
Grant, Revoke

2. Privileges
Select
Insert
Update
Delete
Reference

3. Grant Command Give the permission to others user. Syntax
Grant <privileges> on <tablename> to <username>
Example
SQL>Grant select on emp to user1;

4. Example SQL> Grant select, insert on emp to user2;
SQL> Grant update(comm) on emp to user3;
SQL> grant update (salary, comm) on emp to user4;
SQL> Grant select (dno=10) on emp to user5;

5. Revoke Command Cancel the permission Syntax
Revoke <privileges> on <tablename> from <username>
Example
SQL>Revoke select on emp from user1;

6. Example SQL> Revoke select, insert on emp from user2;
SQL> Revoke update(comm) on emp from user3;
SQL> Revoke update (salary, comm) on emp from user4;
SQL> Revoke select (dno=10) on emp from user5;

7. Example SQL> Grant select, insert, update, Delete on emp to user2;
SQL> Revoke insert, Delete on emp from user2;

8. Transaction Control Language
Commit, Rollback, Savepoint, Grant,Revoke
The TCL statements give you flexibility to undo transactions or write transactions to the disk
Transactions provide consistency in case of a system failure.

9. Current transaction and writes all changes permanent to the disk.
Commit
Current transaction and writes all changes permanent to the disk.
Savepoint
Marks a point in the current transaction
Rollback to [savepoint n]
Undoing all changes
if n to savepoint undo the n position

10. Example
SQL> insert into emp values ( &empno, &ename, &salary, &dno, &comm);
SQL>/
(input some record)
SQL> select * from emp;
SQL> Commit;
SQL> Delete from emp where comm>=2500;
SQL> Select * from emp;
SQL> Rollback;
SQL> Savepoint x;
SQL> delete from emp where dno=10;
SQL> Roolback to x;

11. Set Operations
Union
Intersect
Minus

12. Union Returns all distinct rows from both queries. Example
SQL> Select * from emp1 union select * from emp2;
A={ 1,5,6,3} b= {6,8,4,3,2}
AUB = { 1,5, 6,3,8,4,2}
SQL> select city from salesman union select city from customer;

13. UNION ALL Display including duplicates record Example
SQL> Select * from emp1 union all select * from emp2;
A={ 1,5,6,3} b= {6,8,4,3,2}
AUB = { 1,5, 6,3,6,8,4,3,2}
SQL> select city from salesman union all select city from customer;

14. Intersect Returns common rows selected by both queries Example
SQL> Select * from emp1 intersect select * from emp2;
A={ 1,5,6,3} b= {6,8,4,3,2}
AUB = { 6,3 }
SQL> select city from salesman union select city from customer;

15. Minus
Returns all distinct rows that