1. United Soybean Board, Animal Nutrition Group – October 2012
Soybean meal level modulates the adverse effect
of high immune stress on growth in pigs
R. Dean Boyd and Cate Zier-Rush
Technical Director and Research Leader
The Hanor Company, Franklin, KY

2. Seminal SBM Research Finds: Hanor and Collaborators
In Modern Lean Pig:
Modern Pig (2012) ‘requires’ ca. 100 Lbs more SBM (1980) (Lean, Size)
High Diet SBM under good Health causes Less Whole-body Lbs
to be represented as Carcass Lbs.
Extensive Crystalline amino acid use is beneficial.
High Diet SBM helps under Disease Stress to prevent severe Erosion of ADG and FCR.
Anti-Nutrient Phytate limits SBM
Use in Young Pig by 200 lbs per
Phase unless Supra-Phytase levels
is Use to minimize transition loose-
ness.

3. SBM Value Depends on Extent of Immune Stress
Previous work by Gaines et al. (2008) proves that Whole-body growth, in response to PLN, is maximized by diets with either High or Low levels of SBM. However, Carcass growth is constrained by diets with High SBM content.
In other words - SBM Content determines the Proportion of Whole-body weight that is represented by Carcass.
Pigs in these Studies were in good Health.
This Report shows that SBM has beneficial effects on both Whole-body and Carcass growth when Inflammatory Disease strikes.
This Fortuitous Find has been repeated 4 times.

4. Soybean Meal and High Immune Stress
Purpose
This Presentation suggests that a Hi-SBM level is beneficial to ADG and FCR during high Immune Stress.
Background
Original Objective was to better define Lysine requirement for PLN fed pigs; using Carcass ADG – FCR criteria.
Pigs were unexpectedly infected with diseases that trigger Systemic Inflammation. An apparent Experimental Disaster resulted in a Fortuitous Find with extraordinary implications.

5. Prior Research: SBM Level vs Carcass Growth
No Apparent Health Issue
Item
Control
LO-SBM Content
HI-SBM Content
SID Lysine %
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
PLN, PPM
5.0
SBM, %
18.35
22.28
26.32
30.25
Lysine.HCl %
0.13
0.25
0.38
Johnston et al. 2006

6. Prior Research: Main Effect of SBM Level
Item
0 PLN
Lo SBM
Hi SBM
SEM
Lo vs Hi
No. Pens 12 18 -
No. Pigs
110
166
Initial wt., kg
104.8
104.7
104.6
1.3 NS
End wt., kg
134.1
137.0
136.8
0.7
WB ADG, kg/d
1.082
1.182
1.179
0.026
WB Gain : Feed
0.382
0.410
0.409
0.002 
Carcass Yield, %
74.9
75.8
75.4
0.15
0.31
Carc ADG, kg/d
0.803
0.927
0.906
0.016
Carc Gain : Feed
0.285
0.322
0.315
0.002
0.08
SBM x Lysine Level, P>0.10

7. SBM In Disease Stress 1 Growth Assay – 21 d
420 Castrates, PIC-TR4 x Camborough
Initial weight, kg
Final weight, kg
4 x 2 Factorial arrangement of Diets
4 SID Lysine levels (0.65, 0.75, 0.85, 0.95%)
2 SBM levels (H-SBM, L-SBM)
Diets thru Summit Blend (0.65, 0.95 x H, L-SBM)
48 Pens at 6 Pens per diet (9-10 Pigs/pen)

8. Experimental Methods 5 PPM Ractopamine Hydrochloride (PLN)
Meal Form – Ad Libitum
Terminated Time Constant basis, 21 d
Pen = EU
Initial Pen Whole-body weight Covariate, WB measures
Initial Pen Carcass weight = 0.76 x Initial WB
Initial Pen Carcass weight Covariate, Carcass measures
PROC GLM
Interaction SBM x Lysine, P>0.29 for all Criteria

9. Disease Result and Diagnostics
Report
Mortality and Morbidity (12.7%) was 6 times normal for the16 week Finish period. Pigs were PRRS and Circovirus (PCV2) positive with PCV2 tissue lesions.
Strep Suis also present (Dr. Tara Donovan).
Pro-Inflammatory Nature
Inflammatory nature of these viruses has been proven by the presence of Circulating Pro-inflammatory Cytokines (J. Vet. Med. B. Infectious Dis. Vet. Health, Dec. 53 (10):
(Dr. Marnie Mellencamp)

10. Summit Blend Diets: Composition, %
Lo SBM
Hi SBM
Ingredients, %
0.65 Lysine
0.95 Lysine
Corn
76.32
73.77
74.10
61.93
Soy bean meal
13.65
20.28
18.71
31.85
Fat, CWG
2.04
3.09
2.87
4.01
Corn Gluten
5.43
0.00
1.95
Monocal
1.07
1.05
0.98
Limestone
0.84
0.79
0.80
0.71
Salt
0.40
L-Lysine
0.13
0.35
L-Threonine
0.15
VTM Premix
0.10
Paylean
0.03
Total, %
100.00

11. Experimental Diets: Nutrient Content
Lo SBM
Hi SBM
Item
0.65 Lysine
0.95 Lysine
NRC ME, Kcal/kg
3377
3407
3401
3456
MOD ME, Kcal/kg
3335
3340
3350
Crude Protein, %
16.0
20.1
Total Lysine, %
0.74
1.05
0.75
1.08
SID Lysine, %
0.65
0.95
SID M+C: Lysine
0.58
0.61
SID THR: Lysine
0.68
SID TRP: Lysine
0.165
Calcium, %
0.6
Avail. Phos, %
0.28

12. Whole-body Growth: SBM x Lysine Level
Lysine Quadratic, P>0.21
13.65
15.84
18.09
20.28
SBM %
18.71
23.05
27.51
31.85

13. Whole-body Growth: SBM x Lysine Level
Lysine Linear, P<0.106
13.65
15.84
18.09
20.28
SBM %
18.71
23.05
27.51
31.85

14. Main Effect of SBM Level - High Immune Stress
Whole-body Growth
Item
High SBM
Low SBM
SEM
P<
No. Pens 24  -
No. Pigs
218
219 -
Initial Wt, kg
98.4
98.2
0.7
0.88
End Wt, kg
119.0
117.2
0.6
0.04
WB ADG, g/d
989
902 27
WB ADFI, g/d
2.667
2.621 41
0.45
WB FCR, G/F
0.365
0.337
0.009
0.05

15. Carcass Growth Rate: SBM x Lysine Level
Lysine Linear, P<0.096
13.65
15.84
18.09
20.28
SBM %
18.71
23.05
27.51
31.85

16. Main Effect of SBM - High Immune Stress
Carcass Growth *
Item
High SBM
Low SBM
SEM
P<
No. Pens 24  - - 
Carcass weight, kg
89.0
87.3
0.6
0.052
Carcass Yield, %
74.7
74.6
0.5
0.918
Carcass Gain, kg
14.2
12.7
0.088
Carcass ADG, kg/d
0.676
0.608
0.027
Carcass Gain : Feed
0.240
0.215
0.011
0.237
* Initial weight as covariate in model (initial carcass weight for carcass growth traits).
Initial Carcass weight calculated using initial weight x 0.76.

17. Other Tests and Outcome
Is This a Chance Occurrence – or
Divine Intervention:
Two Simultaneous tests involving the exact same Design, under Farm Conditions, were conducted but in each case they also encountered Respiratory Disease with the . . .
Same Result !

18. (PLN not used in this test)
Nailing Down the Concept before Practice
Final Field Proof of Concept
but
Tightening the Screws on Method
(PLN not used in this test)

19. Imperfect Field Test of this Concept in Practice
This Test was designed only to verify that ‘Hi-SBM’ is bene-ficial when an Inflammatory Disease occurs.
SBM x CP are yet slightly Confounded.
This Issue will be addressed in the next Phase of studies.
Test d
Control
Diets 1 Lo SBM
Diets 2 Hi SBM
21-42 26 -
42-74
74-98
98-126 13

20. Two Diets used during the Health Challenge
INGREDIENTS
DIET 3 LO SBM
HI SBM
DIET 4 LO SBM
Note
Corn 8.5 CP
1401.3
1427.3
1456.0
1505.0
Soybean Meal 45
201.1
342.0
157.1
275.0
70%
DDGS IDEA 80
160.0
Wheat Midds Hi-S  - - 
BioLysine
9.9
4.5
7.8
3.5
Fat, CWG
35.0
34.1
29.3
26.0
Limestone Ground
19.9
18.1
19.5
18.0
Monocal 21 P
1.3
3.0
0.8
2.7
Salt
6.8
7.1
7.2
L-Threonine
1.0 -
VTM Finish
1.7
1.6
Enzyme Premix
1.2
Cu Sulfate
Total
2000.0

21. Nutrient Levels for Diets used during Challenge
INGREDIENTS
DIET 3 LO SBM
Hi SBM
DIET 4 LO SBM
Note
Corn 8.5 CP
1401.3
1427.3
1456.0
1505.0
Soybean Meal 45
201.1
342.0
157.1
275.0
70%
DDGS IDEA 80
160.0
Wheat Midds Hi-S
Calculated Analysis:
MOD ME, Kcal/lb
1510
Crude Protein , %
14.75
16.51
13.93
15.33
SBM x CP
TID Lysine, %
0.80
0.70
TID THR:Lysine
0.64
0.67
0.63
0.71
TID TRP:Lysine
0.16
0.19
0.17
0.20
TID TSAA:Lysine
0.76

22. Growth during Low and High Immune Stress:
Impact of SBM (CP)
PRRS Sero-conversion, Flu hit about d 90 Post-placement. Hanor Diets split from ALL Pens on Hi-AA to 50% Hi-SBM on d 98
Post-wean
HI SBM
LO SBM
Days
ADG, lbs/d
Feed : Gain
21-42
1.24
1.26
1.45
1.48
42-74
1.70
1.69
1.95
1.98
74-98
1.53
1.56
2.59
98-126
2.18
2.10
2.47
2.58
1.97
1.79
3.11
3.41
1.71
1.73
3.58
3.55
Pig appeared to have Recovered. Lack of performance difference suggests such.

23. The Mechanism is Unclear
Is this a SBM or Crude Protein phenomenon ?
Crude Protein level was not tested - only SBM level was varied. Elevated CP would provide increased levels of PHE, TRP and ARG (Reeds et al., 1994) crucial to Immune ‘machinery’.
Alternative Explanation is that SBM might be helpful because it contains Anti-Inflammatory compounds – Isoflavones. Their ability to modulate Inflammation with improved ADG and FCR was shown previously by Greiner et al
Combination of an Increase in certain Amino Acids and Anti-inflammatory components may be involved !

24. Summary
This Study stands in Contrast to Previous Trials from our Labs with Healthy Pigs.
WB and Carcass growth were improved to the
greatest extent by diets with Hi-SBM.
Take-home Message:
Hi-SBM level appears to reduce the Negative effect of Inflammatory Disease on Whole-body, Carcass ADG, FCR to a significant extent.
We operate under this possibility until sorted out.

25. THANK YOU