1. Report available at: http://www.yorku.ca/tiedi/pubreports.html
Figures adapted from the TIEDI Analytical Report #23: Which languages do immigrants use in the workplace?
Report available at:

2. License:
There is no cost to use the figures included in this file. We ask however that you acknowledge TIEDI and use the figures for non-commercial purposes only.
For comments or questions, contact the TIEDI Principal Investigator, Dr Philip Kelly or the TIEDI Project Coordinator, Stella Park

3. The highest proportion of respondents who use a non-official language at work in Toronto are recent immigrants.
Conversely, a higher proportion of Canadian born respondents use English most often at work.
In all immigrant status categories, women are slightly more likely than men to use a non-official language at work.

4. The top non-official languages that are used most often at work in Toronto are Chinese, Indo-Iranian, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Korean and Russian/Polish.
In Toronto, Chinese languages are the most frequently used non-official language at work, consisting of 46,910 individuals.
This is followed by Indo-Iranian languages, Portuguese, Russian/Polish and Spanish, each consisting of , 7530, 6460, 5575 people, respectively.
Recent immigrants make up the majority of those who speak Chinese, Indo-Iranian, Spanish, Korean and Russian/Polish most often at work.
In contrast, 73.97% of respondents who speak Portuguese most often at work are immigrants arriving before 1991 while only 21.28% are recent immigrants and 4.65% are Canadian born.
Similarly, the majority of those who use Italian at work, 66.13%, are immigrants arriving before 1991 followed by 22.16% Canadian born and 11.71% recent immigrants.

5. Canadian born men and women who speak English at work have a higher mean income compared to those who use a non-official language. The pattern persists for both immigrants who arrived before 1991 and recent immigrants.
For women who mostly use a non-official language at work, the Canadian born have a substantially higher mean income than immigrants arriving before 1991 and recent immigrants.
For men who speak mostly English at work, the Canadian born have a mean income that is more than both immigrants arriving before 1991 and recent immigrants.

6. Within each immigrant category, respondents who use mostly English or French at work have a higher mean income than their counterparts who use a non-official language at work.
Comparing across immigrant groups for those who use the same language at work, Canadian born respondents have a higher mean income than established immigrants.

7. Recent male and female immigrants who predominantly speak English at work have a higher mean income compared to their counterparts who use a non-official language at work.
Recent immigrants have the lowest mean incomes of the three immigrant groups.

8. In all immigrant and language groups, males have a higher mean income than respective female counterparts.
Taking gender into account, Canadian born workers generally have the highest mean income followed by immigrants who arrived before 1991, then recent immigrants.
In an exception to the trend, male and female immigrants who arrived before and speak mostly French in the workplace have a higher mean income than their Canadian born counterparts.
Within each language-at-work group, those who use mostly English or French at work have a higher mean income than their corresponding respondents who do not speak an official language. Similar patterns persist for immigrants arriving before and recent immigrants.

9. In an exception to the trend, female immigrants arriving before 1991 who speak mostly Chinese and Portuguese in the workplace have higher mean incomes than Canadian born females.
Recent male immigrants who speak mostly English at work have a mean income of almost twice as much as the men who speak mostly Chinese at work.

10. In an exception to the trend, recent immigrant men who speak mostly Portuguese at work have a higher mean income than their counterparts who speak an official language at work.

11. For recent immigrants, French speaking females have the highest mean income, a figure almost twice as large as the women who speak Korean.

12. Regardless of the language they use most often at work, recent immigrants have the lowest mean income in comparison to their Canadian born and earlier immigrant counterparts.

13. Paid workers who were originally self-employed have a higher mean income than both their wage worker and self-employed counterparts.
When comparing Canadian born respondents, paid workers who speak mostly English have a higher mean income than those who speak a non-official language.
The same patterns persist across immigrants who arrive before 1991 and recent immigrants though the disparity in mean incomes between the class of workers narrows. The exception includes wage workers who are recent immigrants and speak mostly English at work.

14. Within each immigrant category, those who use English at work have a higher mean income compared to their respective counterparts who use a non-official language at work.
Wage workers and self-employed respondents who use English the most have higher mean incomes than their counterparts who do use a non-official language at work. Similar patterns persist for immigrants arriving before 1991 and recent immigrants.

15. Canadian born paid workers who mostly use non-official languages at work have a mean income of almost $30,000 more than wage workers and $20,000 more than the self-employed individuals in that category.