1. Welcome to class, let’s play
The rules:
No talking; you may not consult with other people.
“Claim” any number of red candies by writing the number and your initials on a scrap of paper.
I will collect all the claims and you will receive the number of candies you claimed IF the total claimed does not exceed the total number of candies in the bag.
Also, if the claims do NOT exceed the # in the bag, the following prizes will be awarded:
First choice of prize for the largest claim
Second choice of prize for the 2nd largest claim
Third choice of prize for the 3rd largest claim
Display the (pre-counted) bag of M&Ms where it’s clearly visible to all students.
Have small pieces of paper and pens available (1 per student)
Prizes: package of cookies, chips, or a candy bar

2. Debriefing Questions:
What was your thinking in making your “claim”?
Who owned the bag of candy? 
How could you establish ownership of candy? 
By making a claim. 
Eat your claim – will discuss later

3. Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability
Chapter 1

5. TOP TEN COUNTRIES WITH THE HIGHEST POPULATION#
Country
2000 Population
2017 Population
Growth % Pop
2050 Expected Pop. 1
China
1,268,301,605
1,388,232,693
9.5 %
1,301,627,048 2
India
1,006,300,297
1,342,512,706
33.4 %
1,656,553,632 3
United States
282,162,411
326,474,013
15.7 %
398,328,349 4
Indonesia
214,090,575
263,510,146
23.1 %
300,183,166 5
Brazil
174,315,386
211,243,220
21.2 %
232,304,177 6
Pakistan
152,429,036
196,744,376
29.1 %
290,847,790 7
Nigeria
123,945,463
191,835,936
54.8 %
391,296,754 8
Bangladesh
128,734,672
164,827,718
28.0 %
193,092,763 9
Russia
147,053,966
143,375,006
- 2.5 %
129,908,086 10
Mexico
99,775,434
130,222,815
30.5 %
150,567,503

6. Core Case Study: Living in an Exponential Age
Impact of human exponential growth on:
Loss of animal and plant species
Loss of resources

8. What Is an Environmentally Sustainable Society?
Our lives and economies depend on energy from the sun (solar capital) and on natural resources and natural services (natural capital) provided by the earth.
Living sustainability means living off the earth’s natural income without depleting or degrading the natural capital that supplies it.

9. Environmental Science Is a Study of Connections in Nature
Interdisciplinary science connecting information and ideas from
Natural sciences, with an emphasis on ecology
Social sciences
Humanities

10. Environmental Science:
How the environment affects us
How we affect the environment
How to deal with environmental problems
How to live more sustainably

11. Global Climate Change

12. Environmentalism vs Environmental Science

13. Natural capital: supported by solar capital
Sustainability
Natural capital: supported by solar capital
Natural resources
Natural services
Ex. nutrient cycling
Degradation of natural capital through human activities
Scientific solutions, but not easy

14. We must live off natural income.
Environmentally Sustainable Societies Protect Natural Capital and Live off Its Income
We must live off natural income.

15. How Can Environmentally Sustainable Societies Grow Economically?
Societies can become more environmentally sustainable through economic development dedicated to improving the quality of life for everyone without degrading the earth's life support systems.
Sound easy?

16. There Is a Wide Economic Gap between Rich and Poor Countries
Country’s economic growth: measured by gross domestic product (GDP)
Changes in economic growth per person: measured by per capita GDP
Purchasing power parity (PPP) plus GDP are combined for per capita GDP PPP (amount of goods/services a country’s average citizen could buy in the US)
Compare developed with developing countries (pg 11)

17. Emphasize environmentally sustainable economic development
2 views
Continue conventional economic growth resulting in “trickle down” to those in poverty
Emphasize environmentally sustainable economic development OR
What do you think each of these means?
Which view do you favor?

18. How Are Our Ecological Footprints Affecting the Earth?
As our ecological footprints grow, we are depleting and degrading more of the earth’s natural capital.

19. "Man" by Steve Cutts

20. Resources Perpetual resource Directly available for use
Not directly available for use
Perpetual resource
Solar energy

21. Renewable resource E.g., forests, grasslands, fresh air, fertile soil
Sustainable yield
Highest rate a resource can be used without reducing supply
Environmental degradation 21

22. Overexploiting Shared Renewable Resources: Tragedy of the Commons
Three types of property or resource rights
Private property
Common property
Open access renewable resources
Tragedy of the commons – degradation of common property and open access renewable resources
Solutions?

23. The Candy Example
Suppose the candies in the bowl are fish in an ocean fishery.  The decline of fisheries world-wide is a significant problem.
Who owns the ocean fishery?   How does a fisherman establish ownership (property right) to fish?
Suppose the fishermen know that the fish stock is declining and the fishery will collapse.  How will they change their behavior? 
What is the cost to each fisherman of conserving?
How could we change the rules of the game to provide incentives for conservation?
Sockeye salmom

24. What are your thoughts of the tragedy of the commons?
When a re­source is not owned, nobody has a clear incentive to protect it.
What are your thoughts of the tragedy of the commons?
Explain why hallways and classrooms in schools tend to be littered at the end of the school day
No one seems to own the hallways. Students are tempted to treat them as long wastebaskets. – the same idea could pertain to water

25. Solutions
Use shared resources at rates well below their estimated sustainable yields
Reduce use
Regulate use
Both
Convert open-access to private ownership (not practical, think fish in the ocean)

26. Some Resources Are Not Renewable
Nonrenewable resources
Energy resources
Metallic mineral resources
Nonmetallic mineral resources
Reuse
Recycle

27. Our Ecological Footprints Are Growing
Ecological footprint concept
Biological capacity
Ecological footprint

28. Cultural Changes Have Increased Our Ecological Footprints
12,000 years ago: hunters and gatherers
Three major cultural events
Agricultural revolution
Industrial-medical revolution
Information-globalization revolution

29. What Is Pollution and What Can We Do about It?
Preventing pollution is more effective and less costly than cleaning up pollution.

30. Pollution Comes from a Number of Sources
Sources of pollution
Point
E.g., smokestack
Nonpoint
E.g., pesticides blown into the air
Main type of pollutants
Biodegradable
Nondegradable
Unwanted effects of pollution

31. We Can Clean Up Pollution or we can Prevent It
Pollution cleanup (output pollution control)
Pollution prevention (input pollution control)

32. Why Do We Have Environmental Problems?
Population growth
Wasteful and unsustainable resource use
Poverty
Exclusion of environmental costs of resource use from market prices of goods and services
Attempts to manage nature with insufficient knowledge.

33. People with different environmental worldviews often disagree about the seriousness of environmental problems and what we should do about them.

34. Poverty Has Harmful Environmental and Health Effects
Population growth affected
Malnutrition
Premature death
Limited access to adequate sanitation facilities and clean water

35. Affluence Has Harmful and Beneficial Environmental Effects
Harmful environmental impact due to
High levels of consumption
Unnecessary waste of resources
Affluence can provide funding for
Developing technologies to reduce
Pollution
Environmental degradation
Resource waste

36. Views about Environmental Problems
Planetary management worldview
Stewardship worldview
Environmental wisdom worldview

37. Nature has sustained itself for billions of years by using solar energy, biodiversity, population control, and nutrient cycling— there are lessons from nature that we can apply to our lifestyles and economies if we pay attention, and learn.