1. Do Now Take out your homework.
Take out a sheet of paper (or your notebook) and answering the following questions:
What did you do
this Thanksgiving?
What is happening in
this picture?

2. Discovery of DNA, DNA Structure and Function

3. I. Why should I care about DNA?

4. II. Nucleic Acids Review
What is the function of nucleic acids?
To store genetic information.
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
There are two major types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA and ribonucleic acid or RNA.

5. III. Function of DNA What does DNA do?
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins; it stores the genetic information

6. IV. Location of DNA
The DNA in a prokaryotic cell is located in the ( cytoplasm / nucleus ) of the cell.
The DNA in a eukaryotic cell is located in the ( cytoplasm / nucleus ) of the cell. In eukaryotic cells, DNA cannot leave the nucleus.
DNA in the nucleus is wound up really tightly around proteins into a chromosome

7. V. What is DNA made of?
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid made up of millions of tiny subunits called nucleotides
A nucleotide is made of 3 parts:
1. Phosphate group
2. Sugar group (called a pentose group)
3. Nitrogenous base

8. V. What is DNA made of?
Picture of a nucleotide:

9. Sugar in DNA
What is the pentose sugar in ever DNA nucleotide? Deoxyribose

10. VI. DNA Structure
DNA is a polymer of four nucleotide monomers. A DNA nucleotide is identified by the base it contains: Adenine (A), Thymine (T ), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C).

11. There are 4 Types of Nucleotides
Adenine T
Thymine C
Cytosine G
Guanine

12. VI. DNA structure
The phosphate and sugar part of the nucleotide form the backbone of the DNA molecule
The nitrogenous bases form the “rungs” of the DNA ladder

13. Sides of the Ladder
To form the sides of the ladder, the phosphate group of one nucleotide covalently bonds to the sugar of another

14. Structure of DNA Review
STOP!
Work on practice questions A on worksheet for 5 minutes

15. The Discovery of DNA Timeline
1949, Erwin Chargaff’s research showed that in the DNA from one organism, the amount of adenine always equals the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine always equals the amount of cytosine. This suggested that nucleotides in DNA must be paired up.

16. 2 Types of Nucleotides Purines : (2) Pyrimidines: Hint: Pure As Gold
Are big double ring nucleotides
Adenine, Guanine
Hint: Pure As Gold
(2) Pyrimidines:
Are smaller single ring nucleotides
Cytosine, thymine
Hint: Cut The Pye

17. Base Pairing
Each base will only bond with one other specific base. The bonding between a nuleotide base and its partner is called base pairing.
A Purine will only bond with a Pyrimidine
Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) form a base pair
Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G) will form a base pair

19. Check for Understanding
The DNA molecule is in the shape of a double helix or twisted ladder.
The sides of the ladder are made of what?
The rungs of the ladder are made of what?
Phosphate groups, pentose sugar
Nucleotide

20. VI. DNA Structure
The nucleotides are attached together by Hydrogen Bonds
There are 3 hydrogen bonds between C and G, 2 between A and T

21. Practice
Work on questions in section B!
5 minutes

22. DNA v. RNA

23. Video DNA Structure: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy8dk5iS1f0

24. VI. DNA Structure
Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogen Base

26. Do Now Take out your homework.
What is the complementary strand of DNA to: ATC GTA CCA ATG
Which of the following base pairings is more stable and why?
Adenine bound to Thymine
Guanine bound to Cytosine
What is your favorite cop/forensic science show? (ie.// Bones, NCIS, Castle are mine)

28. PCR + Why it matters?

29. I. DNA Review What are the three components that make up a nucleotide?
Which side is the 5’ end?
How many hydrogen bonds are there between C and G?

30. II. DNA Replication
Before a cell goes through mitosis (cell division), what must happen to the DNA?
The DNA must replicate
Why must DNA be replicated?
So that each cell has a copy of the DNA

31. VII. DNA Replication
DNA replication is the process of copying DNA prior to cell division.

32. VII. DNA Replication
Step 1: Enzymes unwind and unzip the DNA double helix. The enzyme helicase breaks the weak hydrogen bonds between the bases.

33. VII. DNA Replication
Step 2: The enzyme DNA polymerase brings complementary DNA nucleotides to bond with free nucleotides on the original DNA molecule.

34. VII. DNA Replication
Step 3: Two double stranded DNA molecules that are identical to each other are produced.

35. More Vocabulary The old DNA strand is called the template strand
The new DNA strand is called the complementary strand

36. VII. DNA Replication
What step of DNA replication is this?

37. VII. DNA Replication
What step of DNA replication is this?

38. VII. DNA Replication
What step of DNA replication is this?

39. VII. DNA Replication
What step of DNA replication is this?

40. VII. DNA Replication
What step of DNA replication is this?

41. VII. DNA Replication
What step of DNA replication is this?

42. Videos

43. II. DNA Replication

44. DNA Replication Video 2

46. SWBAT define the term DNA
Objectives
SWBAT define the term DNA
SWBAT describe the history and function of DNA

47. The Discovery of DNA Timeline
1860’s-Gregor Mendel does pea plant experiments.
Mendel was an Austrian monk who experiment on pea plants. He is known as the father of genetics

48. The Discovery of DNA Timeline
1940’s-Scientists knew that chromosomes were made of DNA and proteins.
1944-Avery identified DNA as a carrier of genes.

49. 1952-Hershey and Chase confirmed that DNA was the genetic material.

50. The Discovery of DNA Timeline
1953-Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin developed X-ray diffraction photographs of the DNA molecule. Franklin determined that the DNA molecule looked like a tightly coiled spiral or helix composed of two or three strands of nucleotides.

51. The Discovery of DNA Timeline
1953- James Watson and Francis Crick used their knowledge of chemical bonding and the data gathered by many years of research by many scientists to conclude that the shape of the DNA molecule was a double helix or twisted ladder. DNA is made of two strands of nucleotides twisted around a central axis.

52. The Discovery of DNA Timeline
1953- James Watson and Francis Crick made a 3-D model of DNA.

53. The Discovery of DNA Timeline
1962-Watson and Crick were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for determining the structure of DNA.

54. The Discovery of DNA Timeline
Today-Gene technology is used in paternity cases, crime scene investigations, making food, cloning, creating new medicines and many other exciting ways!