1. R O C K S
Chapter 4 p. 108

2. Lesson 1 The Rock Cycle p. 110
Rocks are everywhere-mountains, valleys, seafloor, north, south, east, west
Rock-Natural, solid, mixture of minerals,
Processes on Earth cause rocks to break into tiny grains used to classify rocks
Some rocks have decayed remains of organisms
Geologist-scientist that study rocks and landforms

3. How do geologist classify rocks?
TEXTURE- how tiny grains/pieces fit together creates the overall feel
COMPOSITION-which grains/pieces are in a rock tells where a rock formed
Tools like maps, journal, compass, and hammer are used by geologist interpret rocks (physical and chemical characteristics)

4. What are the 3 major types of rocks?
IGNEOUS-form from cooled magma/lava crystals; connect much like jigsaw puzzle, form in subduction zones, ocean ridges, and hot spots around the world
SEDIMENTARY-form from sediment from wind, water, ice and gravity; form near water (beach,rivers, streams), deserts and valleys
METAMORPHIC-form from extreme heat and pressure near plate boundaries; often twist grains into layers

5. The Rock Cycle
Rocks change slowly all the time. The processes that change rocks is called the rock cycle Pic p. 115
Caused by natural forces inside and on the surface of Earth
Processes that change rocks: weathering/erosion, compaction, extreme temperatures, pressure, cooling, crystallization, melting, and uplift
Uplift is a tectonic process that forces rocks up to Earth’s surface

6. Lesson 2 Igneous Rocks p. 118
Viscosity describes the tendency or lack of tendency of flow of liquids. Magma and lava have different viscosities based on what minerals are present in the magma/lava.
Enjoy Viscosity Lab
Magma-melted rock below Earth’s surface Lava-melted rock on top of Earth’s surface
Stone Mountain, Georgia is a igneous rock that formed from magma that cooled underground over a long period of time

7. Classification of Igneous Rocks
If crystals are too small to see without a magnifying glass, the rock was formed ON Earth’s surface (extrusive)
If crystals are large enough to see without a magnifying glass, the rock was formed In Earth’s crust (intrusive)
The amount of silica, magma composition, location of crystallization, helps geologist classify igneous rocks.
Common Igneous Rocks: granite, basalt, rhyolite, gabbro, diorite, andesite

8. Lesson 3 Sedimentary Rocks p. 125
Water, glacier ice, gravity, and wind can cause rocks to break into smaller pieces, dissolve, or form new minerals. These smaller pieces, sediments are eventually deposited (laid down) and compacted into layers.
The weight of the layers of sediment forces out fluids and decreases the space between grains in a process called compaction-can lead to a process called of crystallization of sediments called cementation.
Common minerals that cement sediment: quartz, calcite, clay

9. Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
Broken pieces of rock are called clasts and are referred to as clastic rocks. Geologist use clast size and shape to classify sedimentary rocks.
Sediment near glaciers can be as large as a car so shape helps determines environment.
Shape gives more detail. Sediment in water will appear and feel rounded and smooth.
Sedimentary rocks can form during evaporation when minerals crystallize from water or when organisms remove minerals from water to make their shells or skeletons.

10. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Water can flow through porous rocks and dissolve and wash away minerals which eventually arrive to the ocean. Particles can crystallize out of the water
Chemical rocks form when minerals crystallize directly from water - have interlocking crystalized texture
Forms from ONE mineral and are one color
Examples: rock/Epson salt, limestone, and gypsum Pic p. 128

11. Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks
Bio = life
Biochemical sedimentary rocks are formed by organisms or the remains of decayed organisms
Some biochemical rocks are Carbonate rocks and will will fizz
Examples: fossiliferous limestone, chert, coal

12. Lesson 4 Metamorphic Rocks p. 133
Metamorphism is a process that affects the structure or composition of a rock in a solid state as a result of changes in temperature, pressure, or the addition of chemical fluids.
Form deep in Earth’s crust under high temps and large amounts of pressure-bend and twist into wrinkly layers

13. Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Texture of metamorphic rocks is either foliated or nonfoliated.
Foliated contain parallel layers of flat elongated minerals Pic p. 135
Examples: slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
Unfoliated contain interlocking mineral grains Pic p. 136
Examples: marble, quartzite

14. Review for Test Foldable Activity Mineral Escape Room
Read and study pics, summaries, and vocab on p. 140
Chapter Review p
Study Quizlet
Make an A! :)