Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Systems Architecture, Seventh Edition
Chapter 14 System Administration ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
2
Chapter Objectives In this chapter, you will learn to:
Describe system administration responsibilities and tasks Explain the process of acquiring computer hardware and system software Describe tools and processes for evaluating application resource requirements and computer system performance ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
3
Chapter Objectives (continued)
Summarize measures for ensuring system security Describe physical environment factors affecting computer hardware ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
4
FIGURE 14.1 Topics covered in this chapter
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
5
System Administration
Primary responsibility Ensure efficient and reliable delivery of IS services Broad categories of tasks Acquiring new IS resources Maintaining existing IS resources Designing and implementing an IS security policy Varies among organizations ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
6
Strategic Planning Setting long-range goals and developing a plan to attain those goals IS strategic plan tends to follow rather than lead strategic plans of other organizational units ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
7
Strategic Planning Goals Plan Identify services to be provided
Resources needed to provide those services Plan Strategies for developing services and markets for them Strategies for acquiring sufficient resources for operations and growth Organizational structure and control ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
8
Hardware and Software as Infrastructure
Hardware and software are usually capital expenditures – provide benefit over multiple years Infrastructure characteristics include: Services provided to many users Large costs, difficult to allocate to specific users Recurring expenditures for infrastructure improvement and maintenance ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
9
Standards Required when providing infrastructure-based services to a wide variety of users Potential issues Tends to stifle innovation May fail to meet needs of some users Incompatibility Problems for users who need services at or near the leading edge of technology ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
10
Competitive Advantage
Technology provides competitive advantage if it does one or more of the following: Provides services that competitors are unable to provide Provides services of unusually high quality Provides services at unusually low price Generates services at unusually low cost Competitive advantage is difficult to achieve due to: Rapid technology changes High cost for developers and early adopters ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
11
The Acquisition Process
Determine applications that will be supported Specify hardware and software capability and capacity requirements Draft and circulate a request for proposals (RFP) Evaluate RFP responses Negotiate purchase, installation, and/or maintenance contract ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
12
Determining and Stating Requirements
Factors to consider Integration with existing hardware/software Availability of maintenance services Availability of training Physical parameters (size, cooling requirements, disk space needed for system software) Availability of upgrades ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
13
Request for Proposals (RFP)
Formal document sent to vendors; states requirements and solicits proposals to meet them General outline Identification of requestor Format, content, timing requirements for responses Requirements (categorized by type and listed completely; essential versus optional) Evaluation criteria ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
14
Evaluating Proposals Determine acceptability of each proposal
Rank acceptable proposals Validate high-ranking proposals Benchmarking ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
15
Determining Requirements and Evaluating Performance
Hardware requirements depend on hardware and system software resources required If application software is developed, hardware and system software resource consumption can be measured If application software is not developed, determining resource requirements is complex; use benchmark testing ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
16
Determining Requirements and Evaluating Performance
Mathematical models for estimating computer requirements Application demand model Resource availability model ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
17
Benchmarks Measure of computer system performance while executing specific processing tasks Evaluators must: Select the benchmark tests most relevant to the intended applications Determine the relationship between benchmark tests and the actual work the new computer will perform ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
18
Measuring Resource Demand and Utilization
Automated tools generate information that describes behavior of specific devices, resources, or subsystems Hardware monitors Software monitors Program profilers ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
19
Measuring Resource Demand and Utilization (continued)
Hardware and software monitors Detect and report processing or I/O activity Operate continuously or intermittently Help identify performance bottlenecks Program profilers Describe resource or service utilization of an application program during execution ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
20
Windows Performance Monitoring
Performance Monitor utility Monitors hardware and software resource use in real time Captures performance and utilization data for defined objects Each object has a set of counters Has many display options ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
21
FIGURE 14.2 Objects and counters in Performance Monitor
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
22
FIGURE 14.3 A real-time display of performance data
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
23
Security Security: describes all measures for protecting the value of these investments, including Physical protection against equipment loss or damage Economic protection against loss of information’s value through unauthorized disclosure Well-integrated approach protects hardware, software, and data resources against accidental loss or damage, malicious tampering, unauthorized access, and accidental disclosure ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
24
Physical Security Restrict access to prevent theft, tampering, and unauthorized access Lock doors Limit distribution of keys, key cards, etc. Reinforce doors and walls Lock equipment to desks ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
25
Access Controls Based on two key processes
Authentication (verifies identity) Password-based most common Biometric (for example, fingerprint or retinal scan) Authorization (verifies rights) Based on security IDs or tickets Access control list ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
26
FIGURE 14.4 Authorization in a file open service call
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
27
Password Controls and Security
Ways to enhance password-based authentication Restrictions on length and composition of valid passwords Requirements that passwords periodically be changed Analysis of password content to identify passwords that are easily guessed Encryption of passwords in files and during transmission over a network ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
28
FIGURE 14.5 Windows password policies
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
29
FIGURE 14.6 Windows account lockout policies
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
30
Auditing Definitions of auditing:
Accounting: Process of examining records to determine if generally accepted accounting principles were applied correctly in preparing financial reports Hardware and software: Creating and managing records of user activity or resource access Useful tool for examining security policy and analyzing security breaches that have already occurred ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
31
Limitations of Auditing
Size of log files Reduction in system performance Backward-looking Poor tool for prevention Automated search tools required to extract useful information ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
32
Virus Protection Programs or program fragments that:
Infect computer by permanently installing themselves in a hard-to-find location Perform malicious acts on infected computer Replicate and spread using services of infected computer Types: boot virus, macro virus, worm ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
33
Virus Protection Common features of antivirus software
Scans messages and attachments for known viruses; disables or deletes them Monitors access to important system files and data structures and logs or denies access Scans removable media and cloud-based storage for known viruses Periodically scans file system and important data structures for viruses Monitoring Web page accesses and disabling malicious software ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
34
Software Updates Fix bugs, errors, and security holes as they are discovered Used to be a manual process; now typically automated ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
35
FIGURE 14.7 Configuring automatic updates in Windows
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
36
FIGURE 14.8 Viewing a software installation policy
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
37
Firewalls Hardware devices, software, or a combination that prevents unauthorized users in one network from accessing resources on another network Packet-filtering firewall Application firewall (proxy server) ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
38
FIGURE 14.9 A firewall between the Internet and a private network
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
39
Types of Firewalls Packet-filtering firewall Simplest type
Examines each packet; matches header content to a list of allowed or denied packet types Application firewall Handles service requests of external users of applications Shields internal servers and resources from direct access by outside users Stateful firewalls Tracks progress of complex client-server interactions ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
40
FIGURE 14.10 An application firewall
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
41
Physical Environment Considerations when choosing or preparing a location for computer hardware Electrical power Heat dissipation Moisture Cable routing Fire protection ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
42
Electrical Power Fluctuations can cause momentary loss of operation or damage to electrical circuits Types of fluctuations Momentary power surges (surge protector) Momentary power sags Long-term voltage sags Total loss of power (auxiliary power source, such as USP) ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
43
Heat Dissipation Excessive heat can cause intermittent or total failure of electrical circuits Means of heat dissipation Vents or fans on the computer itself Cooling the room Auxiliary cooling of cabinet ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
44
Moisture Excessive moisture: danger of short circuits
Low humidity: Buildup of static electricity Protective measures Well-designed cabinets protect against spills and leaks Mount hardware above floor level Control humidity with optional components of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
45
Cable Routing Provide protection and ease of access with:
Raised floors Dedicated cable conduits ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
46
Fire Protection Protection
Carbon dioxide Fire retardant foams and powders Gaseous compounds Supplemental detection equipment within computer room ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
47
Disaster Planning and Recovery
Periodic data backup and storage of backups at alternate sites Backup and storage of critical software at alternate sites Installing duplicate or supplementary equipment at alternate sites Arrangements for leasing existing equipment at alternate sites ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
48
Summary System administration The acquisition process
Determining requirements Evaluating performance Security Physical environment ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Similar presentations
