1. Spoken English
Ms El-Hendi

2. What will we cover today?
Pronouns
Practice exercises
Preposition

3. What is a pronoun
Pronouns are words that we use in place of Nouns (or other Pronouns) in a sentence to make it less repetitive and less awkward.
Some of the most common Pronouns are - he, she, you, they, it, etc. These Pronouns are divided into different categories based on their use

4. Personal Pronouns
Used for specific object or person and they change their forms to indicate different genders, numbers, case and persons speaking
Ex: Tanya told him to take the food to them as soon as possible it was urgently needed.
Where is the gender pronoun?
Where is the pronoun of number?

5. Gender neutral pronouns
These are pronouns in which the reader doesn’t know the gender of the object or person
It is important to them.
Do we know the gender of It or them?
What are other gender neutral pronouns?
Their, they, its

6. Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns are used to show or identify one or a number of nouns
They are only four in number - This, That, These and Those.
This and That are singular demonstrative pronouns and These and Those are plural demonstrative pronouns.
They can also be used to show an unspecified quantity in a sentence.
That is a beautiful house. –
Explain: That is a demonstrative pronoun that is referring to a specific noun (house).
This is a singular pronoun as it is referring to only one house.
These were made by me. –
Explain: These is showing an unspecified quantity of something that was made by a person. This is a plural demonstrative pronoun as it’s referring to a number of objects.

7. Demonstrative pronouns cont.
Everyone remembers those days. –
Those is showing a particular time or period of days in the past; it is being used in place of a noun that could be - school, summer, college, etc. Here also those is a as it’s indicating a number of days.

8. Interrogative pronouns
Who, whom, which and what
Compound is made of these interrogative words by adding “ever” at the end
Which one would you like?
Here, ‘which’ is being used to ask someone to make a choice between different things, instead of naming every single choice that is available.

9. Relative pronouns
Relative Pronouns are used to join or relate two different clauses together by referring to the noun in the previous clause using the pronouns - Who, Whom, Whose, Which and That.
Which and That are generally used for objects; while Who and Whom are used for people, and Whose is used to show possession.
Example: She will choose the color which looks good on everyone.
Explain: Here, which is joining the two related clauses about choosing a color and a color which would look good on everyone.

10. Indefinite pronouns
These pronouns are used to show unspecified objects or people, whether in plural or in singular.
They don’t specify how much they are referring to
These pronouns include: anyone, someone, none, everything, many, few, etc.
If anyone has seem my notebook please return it to me.
Anyone refers to everyone without specification

11. Reflexive and intensive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns indicate a noun that has been used in an earlier part of the same sentence
Include: myself, themselves, yourself, ourselves, herself, himself, itself.
Rosa was going to take it to the shop but ended fixing it herself one afternoon
Herself refers to Rosa

12. Reciprocal pronoun
Use reciprocal pronouns when two or more nouns are doing or being the same to another
Include: each other and one another
Jamie and Jack always sit beside each other in break.
The reciprocation is between the two people as they sit together.

13. Lets Practice! Shapira and ______ went to see the movie. I Me
My uncle, _______ is an engineer, works at Sony.
That Who

14. Let’s practice ___________red car is ___________ These, me That, mine
Are you going to meet _______tonight
Her
She

15. Lets practice! She was standing at the balcony of __________apartment.
The restaurant was very dirty. There were many flies buzzing around _______
Us. We
She was standing at the balcony of __________apartment.
Her
She

16. Prepositions! What are they?
Prepositions are words that show the relationship of nouns or pronouns to other words in the sentence.
The relationship can be spatial (where something is), temporal (when something is) or motive (the manner or direction of movement).
Prepositions are placed before nouns or the determiner preceding the noun.

17. Common prepositions Prepositions of Time: about around after at by
during for from since until
Example: The train departs at 5:45 p.m.
Prepositions of Place
above against below between in front of
inside off on next to under
Example: The bananas are in the refrigerator.
Prepositions of Movement
around from through off toward within
Example: A rabid dog ran toward the lake.

18. Why are prepositions hard?
Prepositions create many problems for non-native speakers because many times their use does not follow any rules that learners can utilize to master them. They may be specific to the words around them or referred to. For example:
Example: We watch movies in a theater, but on TV.
Example: We visit friends at the hospital, because they are in the hospital.

19. Let’s practice!