1. The Head and Face

2. Eye Injuries Specks in the eyes Contusions
Cuts, punctures, and abrasions
Blow-out fracture
Hyphema
Conjunctivitis

3. Eye Contusion

4. Blow Out Fracture

5. Hyphema: blood in the frontal part of eye

6. Conjunctivits

7. Ear Injuries Cauliflower ear Swimmer’s ear Foreign bodies
Tympanic rupture

8. Cauliflower Ear

9. Swimmer’s Ear
An infection in the outer ear canal.

10. Nose Injuries
Epistaxis
Nasal fractures
Septal deviations

11. Epitaxis: nosebleed

12. Septal Deviation

13. Mouth and Jaw Injuries Fractures Temporomandibular joint injury
Injuries to teeth

14. Concussions
Inappropriate care of concussions can have serious consequences.

15. Glasgow Coma Scale
Observations are rated numerically. Higher scores indicate more responsiveness.

16. Motor Response Follows simple commands 6 Localizes pain 5
Withdraws from pain 4
Abnormal flexion 3
Abnormal extension 2
No response 1

17. Eye-Opening Opens eyes on own 4 Opens eyes when asked loudly 3
Opens eyes in response to pain 2
No response 1

18. Verbal Response (Talking)
Correct place, self, month, year 5
Confused or disoriented 4
Uses words but makes no sense 3
Makes unknown sounds 2
No response 1

19. AVPU Scale A method to determine the level of consciousness Alert
Verbal – responds to verbal command
Pain – responds to painful stimulus
Unresponsive

20. Brain Injuries
Brain effects constitute the most serious threats to athletes with head injuries.

21. Subdural Hematoma
A subdural hematoma is usually the result of the tearing of small veins under the dura mater.

22. Epidural Hematoma
Epidural hematomas are often associated with a skull fracture and arterial injury.