1. LHC and astroparticle physics1
LHC and astroparticle physics
~ connection to the air shower simulations ~
Sorry, not cover SUSY, mini BH, extra-dimension, QGP…
Takashi SAKO
(Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory,
Nagoya University, Japan)
for the LHCf Collaboration
XXth Rencontres de Blois, 22nd May 2008

2. Air shower experiments2
Astrophysical parameters
- source type
- source distribution
- source spectrum
- source composition
- propagation
Image from “The Daily Galaxy”
Air shower development
- interaction
- atmosphere
Effect to Astrophysics
Constraint from LHC
Observations
- lateral distribution
- longitudinal distribution
- particle type
- arrival direction

3. Berezinsky, ICRC 2007 Systematics of AGASA Total ±18%3
Berezinsky, ICRC 2007
AGASA X HiRes X1.2
Yakutsk X Auger X1.2 (not enough)
Systematics of AGASA
Total ±18%
Hadron interaction
(QGSJET, SIBYLL) ~10%
(Takeda et al., 2003)

4. Composition (Auger) Xmax favors heavy primary4
Composition (Auger)
Xmax favors heavy primary
Anisotropy favors light primary
(if accept AGN correlation)

5. Composition of Galactic CRs (KASCADE)5
Composition of Galactic CRs (KASCADE)
QGSJET01
SIBYLL 2.1

6. Key measurements at accelerator6
Key measurements at accelerator
What accelerator experiments can do?
Key parameters
Total (inelastic) cross section
Elasticity / Inelasticity
Secondary distribution (E, PT, θ, η, XF)
Technique of the forward measurements
Existing data (SppS, Tevatron, HERA, RHIC)
LHC experiments

7. Elasticity / inelasticity7
Key measurements E0 EM
shower
E leading hadron
Elasticity / inelasticity
Forward spectra
Cross section

8. Importance in forward emission8
No cut
γ: XF<0.05
Pi,K: XF<0.1
XF~E/E0
XF>0.1 : very forward particles for simple
~50% is produced from very forward particles

9. How to access very forward in the colliders?9
How to access very forward in the colliders?
Coverage of general purpose detector (ATLAS, CMS,…)
Special detectors to access forward particles are necessary
Charged particles
Beam pipe
Neutral particles

10. How to access very forward in the colliders?10
How to access very forward in the colliders?
Surrounding the beam pipe with detectors
Simple way, but still miss very very forward particles

11. How to access very forward in the colliders?11
How to access very forward in the colliders?
Install detectors inside the beam pipe
Challenging but ideal for charged particle

12. How to access very forward in the colliders?12
How to access very forward in the colliders?
Y shape chamber enables us neutral measurements
Zero degree calorimeters

13. Expected measurements at LHC13
Expected measurements at LHC
TOTEM, ATLAS forward (ALFA) [surrounding + approaching type]
Absolute cross section
ZDC (ATLAS, ALICE, CMS, LHCf)
[neutral particle measurement except a part of ALICE ZDC]
Inelasticity and spectra measurements

14. The Ｌarge Ｈadron Ｃollider14
The Ｌarge Ｈadron Ｃollider
Collider of 7TeV proton + 7TeV proton
labo. System
Heavy ion collisions
ATLAS / LHCf
LHCb
CMS / TOTEM
ALICE

15. LHC energy @ 14TeV collision15
LHC 14TeV collision
Engel, Nuclear Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 151 (2006)

16. 16
5TeV in 2008
7TeV in 2009

17. Transverse energy flow17
Pseudo rapidity in LHC
LHCf
Energy flow
Transverse energy flow
The CMS and TOTEM diffractive and forward physics working group
pseudorapidity：　 = - ln (tan /2)

18. TOTEM IP5 18 CMS Leading Protons detectors at 147,220m from the IP
Telescopes T1 T2

19. 19
TOTEM
Cross section measurement

20. Total cross section by TOTEM20
Total cross section by TOTEM
1mb precision

21. ZDC (Zero Degree Calorimeter)21
ZDC (Zero Degree Calorimeter)
ATLAS ZDC, CMS ZDC, ALICE ZDC
Total energy flow, wide aperture, high energy resolution for hadrons, (proton measurement only by ALICE ZDC)
LHCf (dedicated for CR study)
Individual particle, imaging calorimeters, π0 reconstruction, particle ID

22. LHCf (ZDCs) Acceptance22
η> 8.4
η> 8.7 XF
~10cmX10cm at 140m away from collision point
(5cm/140m ~ 300 urad)

23. The LHCf experiment 23
K.Fukui, Y.Itow, T.Mase, K.Masuda, Y.Matsubara, H.Menjo, T.Sako, K.Taki, H.Watanabe
Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Japan
K.Yoshida Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan
K.Kasahara, M.Mizuishi, Y.Shimizu, S.Torii
Waseda University, Japan
T.Tamura Kanagawa University, Japan
Y.Muraki Konan University
M.Haguenauer Ecole Polytechnique, France
W.C.Turner LBNL, Berkeley, USA
O.Adriani, L.Bonechi, M.Bongi, R.D’Alessandro, M.Grandi, P.Papini, S.Ricciarini, G.Castellini, A. Viciani
INFN, Univ. di Firenze, Italy
A.Tricomi INFN, Univ. di Catania, Italy
J.Velasco, A.Faus IFIC, Centro Mixto CSIC-UVEG, Spain
D.Macina, A-L.Perrot CERN, Switzerland

24. Double Arm Detectors Arm#1 Detector 20mmx20mm+40mmx40mm24
Double Arm Detectors
Arm#1 Detector
20mmx20mm+40mmx40mm
4 XY SciFi+MAPMT
Arm#2 Detector
25mmx25mm+32mmx32mm
4 XY Silicon strip detectors

25. Double Arm Detectors 25
Arm#1 Detector
Arm#2 Detector
290mm
90mm

26. Model dependence in LHCf26
θ~ 0 radian
θ~ 270 μradian
Gamma-ray spectra expected in a 1000 sec operation of LHCf at very low LHC luminosity（1029cm-2s-1）

27. Neutron spectra Energy spectra at detector front27
Neutron spectra
Energy spectra at detector front
Resolution included spectra

28. π0 spectra QGSJETII ⇔ DPMJET3χ2= 106 (C.L. <10-6)28
Pi zero produced at collision can be extracted by using gamma pair events
Powerful to eliminate beam-gas BG
QGSJETII
⇔ DPMJET3χ2= 106 (C.L. <10-6)
⇔ SIBYLL χ2= 83 (C.L. <10-6)
DPMJET3
⇔ SIBYLL χ2= 28 (C.L.= 0.024)
107events DOF = 17-2=15

29. New models (PICCO, EPOS)29
Proton
New models (PICCO, EPOS)
Drescher, Physical Review D77,
(2008)
Pi0
Neutron

30. 30
LPM effect
○ w/o LPM
■ w/ LPM
Transition curve of a1 TeV photon w/ and w/o LPM to be measured by LHCf

31. 31
Detector in place
LHCf
Luminosity
Monitor (BRAN)
ATLAS ZDC

32. LHCf run schedule 900 GeV collision before rumping in 200832
LHCf run schedule
900 GeV collision before rumping in 2008
10 TeV run in 2008 during the LHC commissioning (low luminosity)
14 TeV run in 2009 during commissioning
Dedicated run (crossing angle, etc)
Ion collision run (A-A’, p-N, N-N, Fe-N) in study

33. 33
Summary
Compilation of the EAS data is affected by the uncertainty of hadron interaction.
LHC experiments (TOTEM, ZDCs including LHCf) will provide crucial data of hadron interaction for CR study.
LHCf can clearly discriminate the existing and new models.
LHC will start with 10TeV collisions in 2008 and achieve 14TeV in 2009.
With LHC, Auger, TA (full scale started!) and new physics models (eg. CGC), we can expect a significant progress in CR study in coming years

34. Backup slides

35. Outline of this talk
Model dependence in the compilation of air shower data
Key measurements at accelerators
Expected measurements at LHC
LHCf
Summary and future

36. Model dependence problems
Absolute energy
GZK (1020 eV)
Composition
Transition from galactic to extragalactic ( eV)
Knee ( eV)
Popular models and new models
QGSJET, DPMJET, SIBYLL
EPOS, PICCO

37. Highest Energy Major systematics of AGASA Total ±18%
1019eV eV
log(Energy)
Log (flux)
HiRes-1 mono
HiRes-2 mono
AGASA
Major systematics of AGASA
Total ±18%
Hadron interaction
(QGSJET, SIBYLL) ~10%
(Takeda et al., 2003)

38. Recent Model (with HiRes result)
Drescher, Dumitru and Strikman, PRL 94, (2005)

39. Accelerator data Inelastic cross section
√s =1800GeV = 72, 80 mb
E-PT distribution of secondary
SppS (UA5-P238, UA7),
HERA, RHIC
Charged: UA5 (dot) P238(cross)
pseudorapidity：　 = - ln (tan /2)

40. LHCf
interaction point 1
140m
96mm
Arm#1
Arm#2

41. Schematic Side View of the CMS ZDC
pp Lum EM
Had
PMTs
Lead/
plastic
Fiber
1.5cm tungsten plates
2mm plates
, o N
Space
for flow upgrade
Light
guide
74 cm

42. Drescher, Physical Review D77, 056003 (2008)

45. CMS/TOTEM

47. Hadron Interaction Models
QGSJET, DPMJET, SIBYLL have a common root based on Gribov-Regge theory
Recent development in EPOS, PICCO
Accelerator calibration points are indispensable

48. Pseudo rapidity distribution at SppS
Charged: UA5 (dot) P238(cross)
Neutral: UA7 (dot)

49. LHC energy @ 14TeV collision
Energy (eV)
Xmax (g/cm2)
Proton
Iron
LHC 7TeV