1. Bore Hole Drilling
Purposes
Locations
Background on Chersky, Russia

3. Permafrost Definitions of the various kinds Locations on the Earth
Effects on Russia

5. Permafrost in Alaska and Canada

7. Global Surface Temperature Trends over the last 60 Years
Summer temperature increases in Michigan over the last 60 years.
Incidentally, Flint, MI showed pretty much no change over the last 30 years.

9. Global Surface Temperature Trends over the last 60 Years
Winter temperature increases in Michigan over the last 60 years.

11. Global Surface Temperature Trends over the last 60 Years
Winter temperature increases in Russia over the last 60 years.
Increases are much more severe in Russia than in Michigan
This is melting the permafrost, or permanent ice under the ground
Imagine having frozen ground all the time

13. Global Surface Temperature Trends over the last 60 Years
Winter temperature increases in Russia over the last 60 years.
Notice the huge difference between winter and summer

15. Global Surface Temperature Trends over the last 60 Years
Winter temperature changes in Antarctica over the last 60 years.

17. Global Surface Temperature Trends over the last 60 Years
Summer temperature changes in Antarctica over the last 60 years.
Notice that part of it is hot, and immediately next to it part is getting colder

19. Excel Charts
Useful for tracking bore hole data and ground temperature changes
Useful for writing college reports

21. Yakutsk Bore Hole Data Surface Temperatures Increased
Ground temperatures at 3 feet decreased
Ground temperatures at 10 feet increased

22. Yakutsk Data

23. Extension activity Mini-lesson on Excel
Using Excel to make a budget for your college living expenses