1. Genetic Engineering – can
be used to transfer genes for specific traits from one
organism to another.
The technology used in
genetic engineering is called DNA technology or biotechnology.
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2. used to improve crops, cure diseases, and improve life!
DNA Technology can be
used to improve crops, cure
diseases, and improve life!
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3. publishes, “Experiments in Plant Hybridization”
HISTORY OF
DNA TECHNOLOGY
1866 – Gregor Mendel
publishes, “Experiments in
Plant Hybridization”
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4. Frederick Miescher isolates DNA from cells for the
1869
Frederick Miescher isolates
DNA from cells for the
first time and calls it
“nuclein”
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5. Mitosis is described by Fleming who watched chromosome behavior
1879
Mitosis is described by
Fleming who watched
chromosome behavior
during animal cell division.
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6. Mendel’s work is rediscovered
1900
Mendel’s work is rediscovered
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7. that genes exist in pairs and are located on chromosomes
1902- Walter Sutton states
that genes exist in pairs and
are located on chromosomes
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8. his students study fruit fly chromosomes. They show
1911
Thomas Hunt Morgan and
his students study fruit fly
chromosomes. They show
that chromosomes carry
genes and also discover
genetic linkage.
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9. Beadle and Tatum experi ment on the red mold Neurospora and show that
1941
Beadle and Tatum experi
ment on the red mold
Neurospora and show that
genes act by regulating
distinct chemical events.
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10. 1944 Barbara McClintock, using corn as the model organism,
discovers that genes can
move around on chromosomes.
This mobile units are called
transposons or “jumping genes”
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11. 1944- Avery, Macleod, and McCarty discover that genes are made of DNA which carries hereditary information
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12. 1953- Using Franklin’s xrays, Crick and Watson discover the shape of the DNA molecule
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13. 1955 Joe Hin Tjio defines 46 as the exact number of
chromosomes in human
cells.
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14. Meselson and Stahl demon- strates that DNA replicates
1958
Meselson and Stahl demon-
strates that DNA replicates
semiconservately; each strand
from the parent DNA
molecules ends up paired
with a new strand.
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15. 1961 The first screen for a metabolic defect in newborns
is developed, a test for
phenylketonuria.
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16. three nucleotides determine an amino acid 1966- the genetic code is
1966- it is discovered that
three nucleotides determine
an amino acid
1966- the genetic code is
discovered
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17. clones a frog which does not mature
1967 – Gurdon successfully
clones a frog which does
not mature
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18. are used to cut viral and bacterial DNA, creating the
1968 – discovery of
restriction enzymes
1972 – restriction enzymes
are used to cut viral and
bacterial DNA, creating the
first recombinant DNA mole-
cules
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19. Sanger and his colleagues develop rapid DNA sequen
1975
Sanger and his colleagues
develop rapid DNA sequen
cing methods. It is the most
common method used in labs
today; colored dyes are used
to identify each of the four
bases.
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20. human insulin using recom- binant DNA technology; it
1978- Genentech produces
human insulin using recom-
binant DNA technology; it
is marketed in 1982
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21. first baby conceived via in-vitro fertilization, is born
1978- Louise Brown, the
first baby conceived via
in-vitro fertilization, is born
in Great Britain
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22. animals are produced by transferring genes from
1981- the first transgenic
animals are produced by
transferring genes from
other animals into mice and
fruit flies
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23. is given to Lindow to test bacteria which would prevent
1982 – government approval
is given to Lindow to test bacteria which would prevent
frost from forming on strawberries and potatoes
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24. 1983 – first baby is born using a donated egg (in Australia)
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25. Huntington Disease is found on chromosome 4.
1983
A genetic marker for
Huntington Disease is found on chromosome 4.
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26. making billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA.
1983
PCR is invented by Kary
Mullis, a method
used to amplify DNA,
making billions of copies
of a specific segment of
DNA.
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27. 1985 – the first genetically engineered plants were field
tested for the first time
1985 – gene therapy is
approved
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28. 1986 – Tobacco becomes the first genetically engineered crop
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29. and is the first to use it in paternity and murder cases.
1989 – Alec Jeffreys coins
the term
“DNA Fingerprinting”
and is the first to use it in paternity and murder cases.
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30. 11/30/2018

31. 11/30/2018

32. 11/30/2018

33. Repetitive DNA sequences called microsatellites are
1989
Repetitive DNA sequences called
microsatellites are
used as genetic landmarks to distinguish
between people.
Another type of marker, sequence-tagged
sites, are unique stretches of DNA
that can be used to make physical maps of chromosomes.
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34. 1990 – the first gene therapy experiment takes place to
treat a girl with ADA
Deficiency
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35. rennin, used in cheese, as the first genetically engineered product
1990 – the FDA approves
rennin, used in cheese, as
the first genetically
engineered product
1990 – the first transgenic
cow is produced
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36. Project begins – estimated cost $13 billion
1990 – the Human Genome
Project begins – estimated
cost $13 billion
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37. born to a British couple who had the embryo screened for
1992 – the first human is
born to a British couple who
had the embryo screened for
genetic disease prior to im-
plantation in the uterus
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38. The mouse genetic map is completed and since the
1996
The mouse genetic map is
completed and since the
mouse shares 85% of its
genes with humans it allows
it to be used to as a model to
study diseases in humans.
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39. mal, “Dolly” is produced from an adult sheep’s cell
1997- the first cloned mam-
mal, “Dolly” is produced
from an adult sheep’s cell
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40. 1998 The first genome of a multicellular organism, C. elegans, is
completed.
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41. 2000 -First draft of the
Human Genome Project
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42. chusetts produce the first human embryos that have
2001 – Scientists in Massa-
chusetts produce the first
human embryos that have
been cloned for stem cell
research
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43. The finished human genome sequence was 99.99%
2003
The finished human genome
sequence was 99.99%
accurate. It will take decades
of research understand all
of the information contained
within the human genome.
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44. What disease did the patient have who was the first recipient of gene therapy? Define or describe how the procedure
is done.
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45. genetically modified crops.
Give two examples of
genetically modified crops.
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46. What is the normal role of restriction enzymes inside bacterial cells?
Name one goal of the
Human Genome Project.
What is the normal role of
restriction enzymes inside
bacterial cells?
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