1. Bell Work Pick up the WWI outline and map on the back table.
Color the map – you will turn this in for a grade.
You have 15 min.

2. WORLD WAR I
The Great War

5. Pancho Villa Pancho Villa General John J. Pershing
Did not like the United States
Led guerilla strikes against the U.S. killing many Americans
General John J. Pershing
Was sent by President Woodrow Wilson to hunt Villa down
Never finds him

6. LONG TERM CAUSES Triple Entente’ Central Powers Nationalism
Imperialism
Militarism
Alliance System
Triple Entente’
Central Powers

7. Nationalism Feeling of intense pride of one’s homeland
Putting your nation’s interest above every other country

8. Imperialism When a stronger country takes over a weaker one
European countries looked to expand and become more powerful

10. Militarism European countries started building up their militaries
Countries trying to flex their muscles
Protecting themselves and their colonies

11. Alliance System Central Powers Triple Entente (Allies)
Great Britain
France
Russia
Italy is the wildcard (originally signed with the central powers, but joined the allies in 1915)
Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire

13. Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Heir to the Austrian thrown
June 28, 1914 Assassinated while visiting Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist – Gavrilo Princip
Creates Domino effect in Europe

14. Fighting in Belgium
Germany strikes in Belgium, hoping to eliminate France from war 1st
As a result, Great Britain enters the war
Introduced trench warfare and modern weapons

15. Trench Warfare Very unproductive
The land between trenches was known as “no mans land”
Neither side could control it
Conditions were awful

16. Neutrality The U.S. was neutral, but partial to the Allies
British used propaganda to try to lure us into the war
Ex. Germany was using dead corpses to make fertilizer and soap
European Affair
We sent supplies to British

17. British Blockade vs German U-boat
British set up a blockade in waters North of Germany
British expand contraband in order to ensure Germany did not receive supplies
Germans counter the blockade with U-boats (submarines)

18. British Blockade vs German U-Boat
Germany starts sinking any ship traveling to Great Britain
Lusitania- British luxury liner sunk by Germans in May of 1915 (Killed 128 Americans)
Sussex- French luxury liner sunk by Germans in March of 1916 (More American vacationers killed)

19. Wilson’s Message Wilson threatened to declare war on Germany
Germany looked to make a deal with the U.S.
Sussex Pledge- Germany agreed not to sink anymore passenger ships if Britain moved the Blockade
Later that year (1916) Woodrow Wilson was re-elected with the slogan “He kept us out of the war”
The U.S. was on the brink of war and didn’t even know it

20. Zimmerman Telegraph
January German official, Arthur Zimmerman, had a plan to get Mexico involved.
He attempted to send a telegraph to Mexico asking for their help.
In return, Germany was going to help Mexico win back their lost territory (Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, etc).

21. Wilson’s Reaction The telegraph never made it to Mexico
It was intercepted by Great Britain and immediately sent to the U.S.
Wilson saw this as a threat to national security and asked Congress to declare war on Germany
On April 2, 1917 Congress elected to go to war

22. Jeanette Rankin 1st woman ever elected to congress
One of very few to vote against going to war (Pacifist)
She did not want to send her son to war

24. THE ROAD TO WAR Balkan Peninsula Arch Duke Ferdinand July 28, 1914
Black Hand
Gavrillo Princip
Domino Effect

25. US Entry into World War I
Situation 2
The Central Powers attack and quickly defeat a small neutral nation. Gruesome stories appear in American newspapers about the atrocities committed by the Central Powers against people of the defeated country.
What should the US do?
Do nothing, since it doesn’t concern the US
Stop selling products to the Central Powers
Issue a statement condemning the Central Powers’ actions
Declare war on the Central Powers
Other (specify)

26. THE FIGHTING STARTS
Germans
Trench Warfare
No Man’s Land

28. US Entry into World War I
Situation 3 The Allies stop United States ships and confiscates goods purchased by the Central Powers. The Allies ignore formal complaints by the United States. What should the US do?

29. AMERICAN STAND ON THE WAR
Neutrality
Opposition
Naturalized Citizens
Socialists
Pacifists
Sympathy for Allies
German Aggression
US Economic Ties

30. US Entry into World War I
Situation 4 The Allies blockade the ports of The Central Powers which, in desperation, used submarines to attack all ships sailing to and from the ports of The Allies. Neutral US ships, which are protected by international laws are sunk by the submarines. What should the US do?

31. THE ROAD TO US INVOLVEMENT
British Blockade
Contraband
German U-Boat Counter Blockade

32. US Entry into World War I
Situation 5 A Central Power submarine sinks a luxury liner belonging to the Allies. Over one thousand passengers drown including 100 vacationing Americans. The Central Powers boast about its actions. What should the US do?

33. US Entry into World War I
Situation 6 The Central Powers promise to stop sinking liners without first warning them and providing for the passengers’ safety. The Central Powers soon disregard its promise and resumes unrestricted submarine warfare on neutral American ships. What should the US do?

34. US Entry into World War I
Situation 7 America learns that the Central Powers asked Mexico to aid in an attack against the US if America enters the war. In return, parts of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona that originally belonged to Mexico will be returned. What should the US do?

35. THE ROAD TO US INVOLVEMENT
American Reactions
Lusitania
Wilson Talks to Germany
Sussex Pledge

36. NEUTRALITY COLLAPSES
Wilson’s Speech
Zimmerman Telegraph
April 2, 1917

37. US Entry into World War I
Closure Was the US entry into World War I inevitable? Was there anything that the participating nations could have done to prevent it? What are the most effective responses to prevent war?

39. Military Mobilization
The U.S. entered the war w/ only 100,000 troops
Air Force consisted of 55 planes
130 pilots

40. Selective Service Act of 1917
Required all men between 21 and 30 to register for the draft.
Based on random lottery
Local draft board members – civilians from local communities.
Decided who would be drafted
Women were not drafted.

41. Training Training lasted 9 months.
17 hour days
Limited funds – soldiers practiced w/ broom sticks.
African Americans served in segregated units.

42. 1917 Soldier vs 2014 Soldier

43. BRIDGE TO FRANCE Four Steps 1. Ship yard workers 2. Service flags
3. Fabrication
4. Government takeovers
CONVOY SYSTEM – ships traveled in groups
Admiral William S. Sims

44. Bridge to France Ship yard workers were exempt from the draft.
Gov’t emphasized the importance of ship yard workers w/ service flags.
Parts were fabricated in various plants, but assembled in the ship yard
The gov’t took over ships being made for private owners.

45. The Doughboys
Infantry men cleaned their white belts w/ pipe cleaner or “dough”.
John J. Pershing – commander of the American troops.
Pershing didn’t like how the troops were being used.
expendable
Ferdinand Foch – Head of Allied forces

46. FIGHTING IN EUROPE New Weapons Big Bertha – Single Siege gun
German made
Destroyed Fortresses / bunkers
Zeppelins – gas filled airships used for spying and bombing
More quiet than planes
Machine Guns – 600 rounds a min.
Poison Gas – Mustard gas
Tanks – clumsy / easy to destroy

47. Big Bertha

48. Zeppelins

49. Machine Guns

50. Mechanized Warfare
Eddie Rickenbaker – America’s top scoring fighter pilot in WW1.
Ex-racecar driver
26 confirmed kills
The Red Barron – Manfred Von Richthofen
Most famous air ace of WWI
80 confirmed kills

51. Medical Care Soldiers lived in terrible conditions.
Filth rats
Dead bodies
Trench foot – amputations
Red Cross ambulances carried wounded from battle field to hospital.

57. Russia Leaves the War ~the tide turns~
Vladimir Lenin – leader of Bolshevik Party
Bolshevik Party – group of Communists
Russia leaves the war – Revolution

58. THE TIDE TURNS Western Front – Germany moved w/in 30 miles of Paris.
American forces were a key to keeping Germany out of Paris
Alvin York - Conscientious Objector
Oct. 18, 1918 York killed 25 Germans and captured 132… by himself.

59. Germany Collapses Mutiny – all across Germany
soldiers and workers organized revo. Councils.
Nov. 9, 1918 the ppl of Berlin rebelled and over threw the gov’t.
The German Kaiser fled to the Netherlands.

60. 11/11/1918 Armistice Day – Veterans Day
11th hour, 11th day, 11th month Germany agreed to sign a cease fire – ended the war
Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire surrendered several days before.

61. WWI Overview Lasted almost 4 years Involved more than 30 nations
26 million died (1/2 were civilians – starvation and disease)
20 million more were wounded
10 million became refugees

62. Wilson’s 14 Points
Based on “the principles of justice to all peoples and nationalities.”
1st five points – Pres. Wilson proposed:
Free trade
Reducing arms
Freedom of the seas
Impartial adjustment of colonial claims
Open diplomacy

63. Wilson’s 14 Points The next 8 points: The 14th Point:
Addressed the right of self-determination
Central powers forced to evacuate countries they invaded in the war
The 14th Point:
Called for the League of Nations to ensure permanent peace
Settle disputes before war breaks out

64. Rejection “The Big Four” – U.S., G.B., Fr., Ita. Clemenceau (France)
Wanted to protect from future invasions of France
David Lloyd George (Great Britain)
Re-elected w/ the slogan “make Germany pay”
Orlando (Italy)
Wanted Austrian Territory

65. The Treaty of Versailles
Disregarded Wilson’s plan
Signed by Germany – June 28, 1919
Punished Germany severely:
Stripped of its armed forces
Had to pay war reparations ($33 billion)
Had to take full blame for starting WW1
Made Germany bitter

66. Treaty Probs The U.S. Senate opposed the treaty
Feared what kind of pwr. the league of nations would have
Wilson tried to win public support for the treaty.
The Senate never ratified the treaty
The foundation of Wilson’s plan for lasting world peace took shape w/o the U.S.

67. BELL RINGER
Complete the Dogfights and Eyes in the Skies worksheet in your packet.

68. BELL RINGER Divide a piece of paper into two columns
Head the first column “Central Powers”
Head the second column “Triple Entente”
List 3 countries for the Triple Entente and 4 countries for the Central Powers.
Which of these alliances became known as the “Allies”?
Russia and Italy did not finish the war in the same alliance as they started. At the bottom of the page tell what happened to each of them.

69. THE COLLAPSE OF GERMANY
SURRENDER
November 3, 1918
Mutiny
11th Hour – 11th Day – 11th Month

70. WORLD WAR I FACTS The war lasted almost four years.
The war involved more than 30 nations.
About 26 million died. Of those ½ were civilians.
20 million more were wounded.
10 million became refugees.

71. March 26, 2014 Bell Work
Come in, grab an outline and a blank piece of paper from the back.
Create your own pro war propaganda poster
Examples are in your American Republic books (p.458)
You have 20 minutes!

72. THE WAR AT HOME

73. CONGRESS GIVES POWER TO WILSON
In times of war, Congress gives the president more freedom with his powers.
Wilson was given direct economic control of the country.

74. DIRECT ECONOMIC CONTROL
The entire economy had to be mobilized.
Many industries stopped making consumer goods to make more war supplies.
Wilson set prices and regulated war related industries.

75. WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD
Encouraged industries to increase efficiency and use mass production
Assembly lines
“Daylight savings time”

76. War Economy Wages in some industries rose, but prices rose as well
Price controls were placed on the wholesale level but not retail
Prices went up for consumers and profits went up for owners

77. National War Labor Board
Established by Woodrow Wilson to prevent strikes or labor disputes
Pressured industries to give workers what they wanted
In return, labor leaders agreed not to disrupt war production

78. Food Administration and Herbert Hoover
Responsible for increasing food production while reducing civilian consumption
Encouraged Americans to save food on their own
“Food Will Win the War- Don’t Waste It”
“Hooverize” by “serving just enough”

79. Selling the War War financing Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds
US spent about $33 billion on the war
1/3 from taxes the other from WAR BONDS
Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds
Committee on Public Information
Organized to advertise and popularize the war
Posters
“Four Minute Men”

80. Attacks on Civil Liberties
Anti-Immigrant Hysteria (led to violence)
Foreign born Americans attacked
Germans
Austria-Hungarians
Lost their jobs
German classes dropped
German music not played
Suspicious of spies

81. Attacks on Civil Liberties
Espionage Act 1917
Established penalties and prison terms for anyone who gave aid to the enemy
Included disloyalty, false reports, or simply interfering with the war effort

82. Attacks on Civil Liberties
Sedition Act 1918
Expanded the definition of the Espionage Act
Illegal to make any public expression against the war
Allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the government or president
Could not be anti-war

83. Social Changes African Americans The Great Migration
Mixed feelings about the war but most supported
Served in segregated units
369th infantry regiment
The Great Migration
WWI accelerated migration north
Escape racial discrimination
Bowl weevils, floods, and droughts
Job openings

84. Social Changes Women and the War
1st war women served in armed forces
Nurses
Radio Operators
Electricians
Pharmacists
Photographers
At home, women filled positions previously held by men
19th Amendment – Passed in 1919; Ratified in 1920

85. Social Changes ¼ of the U.S. population suffered from the Flu
Flu Epidemic 1918
¼ of the U.S. population suffered from the Flu
Businesses closed
Casket shortage
International Epidemic

91. “Hooverize” sweetless wheatless meatless Victory Gardens WAR ECONOMY
Wages in some industries rose
Others did not but the prices continued to rise
National War Labor Board
Established by Wilson to deal with disputes between workers and management
His answer WORK OR FIGHT !
Food Administration
Helped produce and conserve food
wheatless
meatless
Victory
Gardens

92. SELLING THE WAR War financing Committee on Public Information
US spent about 33 billion on the war
1/3 from taxes the other from WAR BONDS
Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds
Committee on Public Information
Organized to popularize the war
Posters
“Four Minute Men”

93. ATTACKS ON CIVIL LIBERTIES
Anti-immigrant hysteria
Foreign born Americans were attacked
Mainly German and Austria-Hungarians
Even Native-born Americans of German descent
Lost jobs
No music of German artists
Anti-German acts
Hamburger, sauerkraut, dachshunds

94. ESPIONAGE ACT
June 1917
Illegal to spy against your country

95. SEDITION ACT May 1918 Established penalties for
interfering with the draft
Obstructing war bonds
Being anti-war
Some newspapers lost mail privileges because of articles printed
Socialists were targeted with these acts
Eugene V. Debs

96. SOCIAL CHANGES DURING WORLD WAR I
African Americans and the War
Opinion was divided but most supported the war
The Great Migration
The war accelerated migration north
Factors
Escape racial discrimination
Boll weevils, floods and droughts
Assembly lines
WW I and drop in immigration numbers opened jobs

97. Women and the War
Women found themselves filling jobs that were traditionally held by men
Some participated in the peace movement
19th amendment was passed

98. Flu Epidemic 1/4th of US population suffered
It was an international epidemic
Businesses closed
Coffin shortage

99. WILSON FIGHTS FOR PEACE

100. WILSON AT VERSAILLES Fourteen Points Presented to congress 1/18/18
Three groups
1. -No secret treaties
- freedom of the seas
- Reduce arms
- Colonial policies be considerate
of all involved

101. Wilson at Versailles 2. -The next eight dealt with specific boundaries
- Ethnic groups could
decide for themselves
what country they
belonged to

102. Discuss and settle disputed before going to war
3. Last point called for the organization of the LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Discuss and settle disputed before going to war

103. ALLIES REJECT WILSON’S PLAN
Each had their own reason for rejecting the plan

104. CLEMENCEAU France Wanted to protect from future invasions of France
He had lived through 2 invasions

105. DAVID LLOYD GEORGE Britain Won reelection Slogan was:
“MAKE GERMANY PAY”

106. ORLANDO
Italy
Wanted control of the Austrian territory

107. The Central Powers were not included in the talks
Only the “BIG FOUR”
France
Britain
United States
Italy
Russia was not invited to the talks

108. TREATY OF VERSAILLES Provisions of the treaty
1. Established nine new nations
Including Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
Moved boundaries of other countries

109. 2. Carved 4 areas out of the Ottoman Empire and gave them to Britain and France as mandates
Britain got - Iraq, Palestine, Trans-Jordan
France got – Syria, Lebanon

110. 3. Germany was demilitarized
Their army was reduced to 100,000 men
4. Germany had to return Alsace-Lorraine to France

111. 5. Germany had to pay reparations to Allies
6. Germany was forced to acknowledge that it alone was responsible for the war

112. THE TREATY’S WEAKNESSES
Harsh on Germany causing it to be hard to establish lasting peace
Germany was humiliated (bitter)
Germany was never going to be able to pay reparations

113. Russia lost more land than Germany
Russia felt ignored by the “BIG FOUR” – they had not been included in the peace talks
Russia lost more land than Germany
Germany was stripped of its colonial possessions
Could have helped pay reparations

114. HO CHI MINH
Asked Wilson to help him establish a constitutional government in Vietnam
Wilson refused
Ho Chi Minh later established the Indochina Communist Party
Fought against the French and Americans in 1969

115. OPPOSITION TO THE TREATY
Many Americans were against the treaty because it was so harsh and seemed to support imperialism.

116. US DEBATE OVER THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Some Americans felt it contradicted the US policy of staying out of European affairs
Henry Cabot Lodge led the opposition to membership in the League of Nations

117. Wilson did not chose the delegation carefully – lots of opposition
He appealed to the people
8000 mile tour
He had a stroke
Partially paralyzed for 2 months

118. US signed a separate treaty with Germany 1921
Wilson was not president now
Never joined the League of Nations
US had an observer at the meetings

119. LEGACY OF WAR
Germans were shocked by the armistice and the Treaty of Versailles
Desperate economic conditions in Germany
1923 depression
Burned money for fuel
Loss of jobs

120. Germans were searching for scapegoats
Adolph Hitler – Austrian Corporal
Blamed problems on Jews and socialists
He and Nazi party won control of the German Government in 1933
His policies led to WW II

121. The war had strengthened Americans’ determination to stay out of European affairs
Isolationism
They wanted to return to normal

122. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AFTER WORLD WAR I
During war many items had been rationed
War is over and price freezes were lifted
Everybody is buying everything
Caused rapid inflation
Raised the cost of living

123. The standard of living rose also
Electrical convenience
Radios, refrigerators, stoves, toasters
Airplane industry took off
1918 – 1st mail
1927 – passenger
Automobiles became popular

124. STRIKES During the war Wilson did not allow strikes
When the war was over many workers went on strike
1919 – 3,600 strikes involving four million workers

125. SEATTLE GENERAL STRIKE
Wanted higher wages and shorter hours
Walked off job
Grew into a GENERAL STRIKE
Did not get demands
Caused fear among American people
This was a tactic used by European Communist Workers

126. BOSTON POLICE STRIKE 75% of police walked off the job
Riots and looting started
Mass. Governor CALVIN COOLIDGE called in National Guard
Police commissioner fired strikers and hired new officers

127. THE STEEL STRIKE 350,000 workers walked off job
Elbert Gary – head of US Steel – would not talk to union
Used anti immigrant feelings to split workers
Hired African Americans and Mexicans to keep steel mills open
Strike collapsed

128. RACIAL UNREST American soldiers returned home from war needing a job
Jobs were filled with African Americans
Much violence
Summer 1919 – 20 race riots
Worst in Chicago – days
38 killed – 15 white – 23 black
500
injured

129. RED SCARE
An increase in strikes caused concern about the spread of communism
Believed communist would take control of the government

130. April 1919 - postal service intercepted more than 30 packages with bombs
Targeted leading business men
June 1919
8 bombs in 8 cities went off within minutes of each other
Could be a nation wide conspiracy

131. 70,000 Americans joined the communist party
Communist wanted to
Overthrow capitalist system
Abolish free enterprise
Abolish private property

132. PALMER RAIDS
One of bombs damaged home of US Atty. Gen. Mitchell Palmer
Took action against the Red Scare
Appointed J. Edgar Hoover as head of Anti-radical Division of the Justice Department
FBI

133. Palmer sent agents to hunt down communists, anarchists, socialists
Agents showed no regard for civil rights
Deported many without trial
Raids never turned up anything
Claimed something big would happen on May 1, 1920
It did not and people stopped listening to him

134. END OF PROGRESSIVISM 1920 election
Roosevelt ran on a platform of continuing Wilson’s programs
Harding ran on a platform of a return to NORMALCY
Wins in a landslide

135. The people of the country hoped to stop the racial tensions and labor unrest and fix the economic problems
They wanted a more stable society

136. MAP label the following on your map
MAP label the following on your map. Color the countries based on their alliance. Red-Central Powers Yellow – Allies and Green – Neutral. Use the map on page 451.
Germany
Serbia
Montenegro
Ottoman Empire
Albania
Greece
Bulgaria
Romania
Denmark
Netherlands
Norway
Sweden
Atlantic Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
Britain
Portugal
Spain
Belgium
France
Russia
Switzerland
Italy
Austria-Hungary