1. Chapter 6
Thermochemistry

2. Energy Is important macroscopically and microscopically
Def: the capacity to do work or produce heat

3. Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another.
The energy of the universe is constant.
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

4. Classifications of Energy
Potential Energy: energy due to position or composition
Ex: dam water, attractive/repulsive forces
Kinetic Energy: energy due to motion, depends on mass (m) and velocity (v)
KE = (1/2)mv2
Energy can be converted between these

5. Energy Transfer
Some energy can be lost as heat (ex: frictional heating), represented by q
Heat vs. Temperature: TEMPERATURE reflects movement of particles. HEAT deals with transfer of energy between two objects due to a temperature difference.
Energy can also be transferred through work (force activing over a distance)

6. Important Vocabulary
Pathway determines how energy changes to heat/work
Includes condition of the surface
Total energy transferred will be constant, amounts of heat/work will differ

7. State Function/Property
Property of the system that depends only on its present state (not past or future)
Changes in the state properties when switching from one state to another is independent of the particular pathway taken between the two states.
Example: energy is a state function, but work and heat are not.
Internal energy, pressure, volume, enthalpy

8. Heat
Represented by “q”
Flows from warm to cold

9. System vs. Surroundings
System is what you are focusing on, surroundings is everything else.
Energy lost/gained by the system = energy gained/lost by the surroundings

10. N2(g) + O2(g) + HEAT(kJ) --> 2NO(g)
Endothermic
System gains heat, surroundings cool
Heat INTO (“endo”) system
Example: Ice melting
“q” is positive
Heat is a reactant
N2(g) + O2(g) + HEAT(kJ) --> 2NO(g)

11. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) --> CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + HEAT(kJ)
Exothermic
System loses heat to surrounding
“Exo” like EXIT
Example: fire
“q” is negative
Heat is a product
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) --> CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + HEAT(kJ)

12. Potential Energy
Energy is stored in chemical bonds as potential energy. When bonds are broken (requires energy) and formed (releases energy), it changes the potential energy.

13. Units for Energy
Two common units:
The “calorie” (old school)
The “joule” (metric)
1 cal = 4.18 J
J = kg•m J = 1 L atm s2

14. Energy Stoichiometry Energy can be added into stoichiometry equations…
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O kJ
You can substitute it in as part of the mole to mole ratio!
How much heat is given off when 3.72 moles of oxygen react with glucose?
Answer: 1736 kJ

15. Internal Energy Represented by E
Sum of kinetic and potential energy in the system
∆E = q + w
∆E = change in system’s internal energy
q = heat (usually in J)
w = work (usually units are L atm which can be converted to J)

16. Example
Calculate the change in energy of the system if 38.9 J of work is done by the system with an associated heat loss of 16.2 J.
Answer: 55.1 J

18. Expansion vs. Compression
w = -P∆V
w = work
P = pressure
∆V = change in volume

19. Results… If a gas is expanding, ∆V is positive
If a gas is compressed, ∆V is negative
When w is negative, work if flowing out of the system (into surroundings)
When w is positive, work is flowing into the system

20. Example
A piston is compressed from a volume of 8.3 L to 2.8 L against a constant pressure of 1.9 atm. In the process, there is a heat gain by the system of 350 J. Calculate the change in energy of the system.
Answer: 1400 J

21. Enthalpy Represented by “H” H = E + PV E = internal energy
P = pressure of the system
V = volume of the system

22. This means at constant pressure…
∆H = q
Negative ∆H is exothermic
Positive ∆H is endothermic
∆H = Hproducts - Hreactants

23. Calorimetry Energy can’t be created nor destroyed.
If one object loses heat, another object must gain that heat.
If a cool object is placed into a hot one, the hot object gives energy to the cool one until they arrive at the same final temp.

24. Conservation of Energy
The amount of heat lost by the hotter object equals the amount of heat gained by the cooler object:
qgained = -qlost
(one is system, other surroundings)

25. Specific Heat Capacity (J/g°C)
The amount of energy needed to raise the temp. of 1 gram of an object by 1°C.
A high specific heat means the object requires a lot of energy to change temp. (pg. 245)
If unit is J/mol°C or J/molK, then it’s called molar heat capacity

26. Constant Pressure Calorimeter
Also have constant volume calorimeters

27. q = m*c*DT q = amount of heat gained (negative if lost)
m = mass of object (grams)
c = specific heat of object
DT = change in temperature (Tfinal – Tinitial)

28. q = m*c*DT This equation only works when the temperature is changing.
This is used in calorimetry!

29. Example
A bar of iron at 21.0°C is heated to 83.5°C. If the iron’s mass is 551 grams, how much heat was added?
Answer: -1.5X104 J

30. Calorimetry Example
A 36.9 g sample of metal is heated to 100.0ºC, and then added to a calorimeter containing g of water at 23.1ºC. The temperature of the water rises to a maximum of 25.2ºC before cooling back down. What is the specific heat of the metal?
Answer: 0.45 J/gºC