1. Chapter 1: The Water Planet
1.1 Water continually cycles.
Part 1

2. Water covers most of Earth.
Earth has four oceans: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic.
All of these are connected to each other somehow, making them one large body of water.
Any body of water that connects to any of the oceans is part of the sea.

3. Water covers most of Earth.

4. Water covers most of Earth.
The ocean covers about 71%, or three-fourths, of Earth’s surface.
Most of the ocean is in the southern hemisphere.
The ocean is about 3.8 kilometers, or 2.4 miles, deep.
Water also occurs in rivers, lakes, and streams.

5. Water and Life Living organisms need water to survive.
A human body is about 2/3 water.
Several organisms live in bodies of water, and some can even survive in a single drop of water.

6. Fresh Water and Salt Water
Fresh water: water that is not salty and has little to no taste, color, or smell.
Rivers, lakes, etc.
3% of the water on Earth is fresh; and only about 1% is usable water.
Salt water: water that contains dissolved salts and other minerals.
about 97% of the water on Earth is salt water.

7. Chapter 1: The Water Planet
1.1 Water continually cycles.
Part 2

8. Water moves in a cycle.
Water cycle: the continuous movement of H2O through the environment of Earth.
Water constantly changes form, and it can be found in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state.
The total amount of water doesn’t change.
Water Cycle Song

9. Part 1: Evaporation
Evaporation: the process of water changing from liquid to water vapor.
Heat energy from the sun warms the water and causes the particles at the top to evaporate.

10. Part 1: Evaporation
When particles are heated, they have more kinetic energy and move more quickly. Some are able to “escape” and become a gas.

11. Part 2: Condensation
Condensation: the process when water vapor becomes a liquid.
As the air cools, water vapor condenses into droplets of liquid water which eventually form clouds.
When particles cool down, they lose kinetic energy and move more slowly. This causes them to change back into a liquid.

12. Part 3: Precipitation Precipitation: water that falls from the clouds.
Inside a cloud, small droplets collide with one another to make larger droplets. When they are heavy enough, they fall as precipitation.
This water sinks into the soil and usually flows into rivers and streams through runoff.

13. The Water Cycle 85% of the water that evaporates comes from the ocean.
The remaining 15% comes from lakes, rivers, etc., as well as plants.
Through the process of transpiration, plants open their stomata and allow excess water to evaporate.
All precipitation is fresh water; the salt is left behind in salty bodies of water.
Water Cycle Song

14. Chapter 1: The Water Planet
1.2 Fresh water flows and freezes on Earth.
Part 1

15. Divides and Drainage Basins
Divide: ridge, or continuous line of high land, from which water flows in different directions.
Examples: mountain peak, top of tent, roof of house.
Draining basin: also called a watershed; an area into which all of the water on one side of a divide flows.
Examples: the lowest point, valleys, rivers, etc.
Continental Divide

16. Divides and Drainage Basins

17. Surface Water Water naturally collects in the low part of the land.
Some lakes were formed during the last ice age; the Great Lakes were formed from huge sheets of ice that scraped out depressions in the land.
Water fills lakes through precipitation and running water from lakes and streams.
Great Lake Formation

18. Pond vs. Lake Ponds are much smaller and shallower than lakes.
Ponds have muddy bottoms with many plants, such as water lilies and cattails.
Lakes can be so deep that sunlight cannot reach its bottom, so plants only grow along the edges.
Both are shelters for several living organisms.

19. Michigan Lakes

20. Lake Turnover
Changing temperatures of the seasons cause the water to move in a yearly cycle.
Turnover: the rising/sinking or cool/warm water.
In a place with cold winters, like Michigan, ice may form on the lake. During this time, water stops moving and fish go to the bottom of the lake, where water is slightly warmer.

21. Lake Turnover
In the spring/summer, sunlight warms the top layers of the lake. These layers contain more oxygen, so the fish move to the upper parts.
In the fall, the water surface begins to cool back down. The upper layer becomes heavy and sinks due to density, and the lake water “turns over”.
Nutrients from the bottom are stirred up, becoming more useful to living organisms.
Lake Turnover

22. Chapter 1: The Water Planet
1.2 Fresh water flows and freezes on Earth.
Part 2

23. Frozen Fresh Water
2/3 of the world’s fresh water is in the ice covering land near the poles.
In cold regions, more snow falls each year than what melts.
This snow accumulates to form glaciers – remember, two types: continental and valley.

24. Icebergs Iceberg: mass of ice floating in the ocean.
Starts as part of a glacier, but breaks off into the ocean.
Thousands of icebergs break off each year and travel south into the warmer oceans – can take years.
Iceberg flipping over

25. Icebergs
One iceberg that broke off recently is the size of Connecticut.
Only about 1/8 of the total weight/surface of an iceberg can be seen above water; most of the iceberg remains underwater.
The ice in the center can be clean, fresh water. But it is a very expensive process.

26. Chapter 1: The Water Planet
1.3 Fresh water flows underground.
Part 1

27. Water fills spaces. Water can sink into the soil to be used by plants.
Some water sinks lower, and is called groundwater.

28. Permeable vs. Impermeable
Permeable: substance that liquids can flow through, such as a coffee filter, soil, sand, and gravel.
These have spaces between their particles, allowing water to flow through them.
Larger spaces = easier flow of water
Impermeable: substance that liquids cannot flow through, such as glass, rocks, and clay.
There is no space between the particles for liquids.

29. Permeable vs. Impermeable

30. Groundwater
Water flows into the spaces in soil until it reaches a hard layer of impermeable rock.
The top of the region that is completely filled with water is called the water table.
The saturated region below this point is called the saturation zone.

31. Groundwater

32. Aquifers
Aquifer: an underground layer of permeable rock of sediment that contains water.
Can be found all over the world; can be any size and any depth under Earth’s surface.

33. Aquifers
The water in an aquifer is constantly moving – up, down, and to the sides.
However, it moves very slowly, so some of the water has been in the same aquifer for thousands of years.

34. Aquifer Formation Three things are needed for an aquifer to form:
1. a layer of permeable materials stores water.
2. a neighboring area of impermeable rock keeps the water from draining away.
3. a source of water replenishes/refills the aquifer.

35. Chapter 1: The Water Planet
1.3 Fresh water flows underground.
Part 2

36. Springs
Spring: a flow of water from the ground at a place where the surface of the land dips below the water table.
found naturally.
Fresh, clean water.

37. Wells
Well: a hole in the ground that reaches down to the saturation zone below the water table.
Usually a pump is used to draw water from the ground, and a screen is used to filter out particles.
Most modern wells are dug will drills and have a series of pipes and pumps to bring water out.
Wells can run dry if water is used more quickly than it can be replaced.

38. Artesian Wells
Artesian Well: well in which water flows to the surface naturally due to pressure.

39. Hot Springs
Hot spring: a place where hot water underground reaches the surface; continual flow of hot water.
Water sinks into the ground in certain places so deep that it is heated by the rocks underground, and has so much pressure applied to it that it shoots out of the ground.

40. Geysers
Geyser: a type of hot spring; water shoots into the air like a fountain of water and steam.
Yellowstone has over 300 geysers. Old Faithful shoots water about 20 times a day, lasting minutes.
Old Faithful