1. Nature of Science
The International System of Units

2. Benchmarks:
Use tools and equipment appropriate to scientific investigations.
Use metric measurement devices in an investigation.

3. Why do we need to be able to measure things?
To make sense, all measurements need both . . .
Why do we need to be able to measure things?
Suppose we wanted to measure a 2 x 4 for building a house.
Units by themselves don’t make sense.
Numbers by themselves don’t make sense.
A Number
and
a Unit!
A board is meters long
A board is 350 long
Any Ideas?

4. Estimation
Estimation is using your knowledge of something similar in size or amount to determine the size of the new object.
Helps to make a rough measurement of an object.
Usefully when you are in a hurry and exact numbers are not required.

5. Precision and Accuracy
Precision is a description of how close measurements are to each other.
Accuracy is comparing your measurement to the actual or accepted value.

6. Why use the SI System?
In the U.S. we use the English or Standard System, most of the rest of the world uses the Metric or SI System.
Scientists use the SI System worldwide because:
Measurements are easily understood by all scientists
Measurements are easier to convert than the English system
The SI (International System of Units) system is the form of measurement typically used by scientists.

7. Basic Types of Measurement
Length: measures distance between objects
Volume: measures the amount of space something takes up
Mass: measures the amount of matter in an object
Other Types of measurement include:
time
temperature
density PH

8. Measurement System Comparisons
ENGLISH
SI SYSTEM
LENGTH
Yard / Inch
Meter / Centimeter
MASS
Ounce / Pound
Gram / Kilogram
VOLUME
Quart
Liter
TEMPERATURE
Fahrenheit
Celsius / Kelvin
TIME
Second
All Measurement systems have standards. Standards are exact quantities that everyone agrees to use as a basis of comparison.

9. In the English system you have to remember so many numbers . . .
12 inches in a foot
3 feet in a yard
5,280 feet in a mile
16 ounces in a pound
4 quarts to a gallon
In the SI System you only have to remember one number.
The SI System is based on the number 10.

10. The SI System uses the following prefixes:
Kilo
1000
Hecto
100
Deca 10
UNIT 1
Deci
1/10
Centi
1/100
Milli
1/1000
This system works with any
SI measurement.
The UNIT becomes whichever type of measurement you are making. (mass, volume, or length)
It is the same system regardless if you are measuring length, mass, or volume.

11. centi gram It works for all types of measurement.
If your measuring . . .
Length then it is the meter (kilometer, decameter, etc.)
Mass then it is the gram (centigram, milligram, etc.)
Volume then it is the liter (deciliter, hectoliter, etc.)
centi
gram
The first part of the term indicates the amount, the second part indicates the type of measurement.

12. How does converting units work?
Unlike the English system converting in the SI System is very easy. For Example in the English system if you wanted to know how many inches in 2 miles what would you do?
Take the number of miles (2).
Multiply it by the number of feet in a mile (5,280).
Multiply that by the number of inches in a foot (12).
ANSWER: 126,720 inches in 2 miles

13. The SI system is much easier.
For example in the metric system if you wanted to know how many centimeters were in 3 meters, what would you do?
Find the unit you have (meters).
Find the unit you are changing to (centimeters).
Count the number of units in-between (2).
Move the decimal point that many spaces, in the same direction you counted (right).
3 meters =
300 centimeters
Kilo Hecto Deca UNIT Deci Centi Milli

14. Kilo Hecto Deca UNIT Deci Centi Milli
More Conversions . . .
2,321.0 millimeters to meters
= meters
521.0 grams to hectograms
= hectograms
8.5 kiloliters to centiliters
= 850,000 centiliters
NOTE: The digits aren’t changing, the position of the decimal is. In the English system the whole number changes.
Kilo Hecto Deca UNIT Deci Centi Milli

15. Things to Remember All measurements need a number and a unit!
Basic units of Measurement (meter, liter, gram)
How to convert metric units
Vocabulary words

16. Nature of Science
The International System of Units

17. Basic Types of Measurement
Length: measures distance between objects
Volume: measures the amount of space something takes up
Mass: measures the amount of matter in an object
In SI the basic units are:
Length is the meter
Mass is the gram
Volume is the liter (liquid)
Temperature is Celsius

18. Metric Measurement: Length
Length is the distance between two points.
Does not matter if it is width, height, depth, etc. All are length measurements.
The basic unit of length in the SI System is the meter.
The meter is about the length of the English yard (3 feet).
Area is a variation of a length measurement.
Area is length x width.
Expressed in units2 (m2, cm2, mm2 etc.)

19. Metric Measurement: Mass
Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter in an object.
Basic unit of mass is the gram. There are 454 grams in one pound.
Weight and mass are related, but NOT the same.
Weight is the pull of gravity on an object
The greater the mass, the larger the pull of gravity.

20. (L)ength x (W)idth x (H)eight
Metric Measurement: Volume
Volume is a measurement of the amount of space something takes up.
The basic unit used for volume is the liter. This unit is used for the volumes of liquids.
Volumes of solids are figured using this formula:
(L)ength x (W)idth x (H)eight
cm x cm x cm = cm3
Objects without a definite length, width or height (a rock for example), can use water displacement to determine volume NOTE: 1 ml = 1 cm3

21. Metric Measurement: Temperature
Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the atoms in an object.
Temperature is measured with a thermometer and measured in Celsius or Kelvin.
Celsius ranges from 0 (freezing) to 100 (boiling).
The Kelvin scale begins at absolute zero, or 0 K. At 0 Kelvin no more heat can be removed from an object.
To convert to Kelvin you add 273 degrees to the Celsius reading.
Freezing in Kelvin is 273 K, boiling is 373 K.

22. Nature of Science
The International System of Units

23. Which is heavier . . . The formula for density is:
Density is how much matter is in something (mass), compared to the amount of space it takes up (volume).
Which is heavier . . .
A kilogram of feathers or a kilogram of lead?
They are both one kilogram so they weight the same, but it takes more feathers than lead to equal one kilogram!
The formula for density is:
Mass (grams)
divided by
Volume (cm3)
So the unit for density is g / cm3
Every substance has a density, and that density always remains the same.
Density can be used to figure out what an unknown substance is.
The density of water is 1 g / cm3
Which one takes up more space (volume)?
We say the lead is more dense than the feathers.

24. Measurement Review Measurements need a number and a unit!
Basic units of Measurement (meter, liter, gram)
How to convert metric units
Be able to make basic measurements of volume, length, and mass
Definition of density and how to figure it out.
Vocabulary words

25. Mean, Median, Mode, and Range
By Jennifer Del-Castillo
John F. Kennedy Middle School

26. Mean is the average of a set of data
Mean is the average of a set of data. To calculate the mean, find the sum of the data and then divide by the number of data.

27. 12, 15, 11, 11, 7, 13
First, find the sum of the data.
= 69
Then divide by the number of data.
69 / 6 = 11.5
The mean is 11.5

28. You can remember that “mean” means to average because the “mean teacher averages your grade.”
You try the next one!

29. Find your answer before clicking!
An electronics store sells CD players at the following prices: $350, $275, $500, $325, $100, $375, and $300. What is the mean price?
Find your answer before clicking!

30. The mean or average price of a CD player is $317.86.
$350 + $275 + $500 + $325 + $100 +$375 + $300 =
$2225
$2225 / 7 = $317.86
The mean or average price of a CD player is $

31. Median is the middle number in a set of data when the data is arranged in numerical order.

32. First, arrange the data in numerical order.
12, 15, 11, 11, 7, 13
First, arrange the data in numerical order.
7, 11, 11, 12, 13, 15
Then find the number in the middle or the average of the two numbers in the middle.
= / 2 = 11.5
The median is 11.5

33. Find your answer before clicking!
An electronics store sells CD players at the following prices: $350, $275, $500, $325, $100, $375, and $300. What is the median price?
Find your answer before clicking!

34. $100, $275, $300, $325, $350, $375, $500 The median price is $325.
First place the prices in numerical order.
$100, $275, $300, $325, $350, $375, $500
The price in the middle is the median price.
The median price is $325.

35. The mode is the number that occurs the most.

36. 12, 15, 11, 11, 7, 13
The mode is 11.

37. Sometimes a set of data will have more than one mode.
For example, in the following set the numbers both the numbers 5 and 7 appear twice.
2, 9, 5, 7, 8, 6, 4, 7, 5
5 and 7 are both the mode and this set is said to be bimodal.

38. Sometimes there is no mode in a set of data.
3, 8, 7, 6, 12, 11, 2, 1
All the numbers in this set occur only once therefore there is no mode in this set.

39. Find your answer before clicking!
$100, $275, $300, $325, $350, $375, $500
What is the mode ?
Find your answer before clicking!

40. $100, $275, $300, $325, $350, $375, $500
There is no mode!

41. You can remember that mode means the number that occurs the most because “mode” and “most” sound alike!

42. For example, consider the following set:
The range of a set of data is the difference between the largest and the smallest number in the set.
For example, consider the following set:
40, 30, 43, 48, 26, 50, 55, 40, 34, 42, 47, and 50
To find the range you would take the largest number, 50, and subtract the smallest number, 26.
55 – 26 = 29
The range is 29!

43. The number or average of the numbers in the middle
Mean
The average
Median
The number or average of the numbers in the middle
Mode
The number that occurs most

44. Using Data to Make Graphs
Created by George Pitlik
For the Texas Center for Academic Excellence © 2002
TEK 5.13C
Page

45. What Is Data? Data is information. An example:
In my fifth grade class we took a pizza lovers survey.
We learned that ten kids liked pepperoni pizza best.
Nine kids liked sausage pizza best.
Seven kids liked cheese pizza best.
This information is called DATA.
What is data?
What Is Data?
Page

46. I need to order 10 pepperoni, 9 sausage and 7 cheese pizzas.
If a mom was planning a pizza party for the class, she would need the pizza lovers survey DATA.
I need to order 10 pepperoni, 9 sausage and 7 cheese pizzas.
What Is Data?

47. What Is Data? Your report card is another example of data. Math: 88%
Reading: 94%
Science: 75%
Social Studies: 80%
Language Arts: 55%
My Language Arts teacher may not like me.
What is Data?
What Is Data?
Page

48. There is way too much data in school!TV
Newspaper
There is way too much data in school!
Books
Data Is Everywhere.

49. How Do People Use Data? We use data to make money.
The data from the test will help us cure your disease.
We use data to make money.
How Do People Use Data?
Data is needed to build things.

50. Data Can Be Confusing. 34 55 $134.00 $231.00 32 $450.95 $319.63 88%
$750.90
88%
97%
76%
85%
100%
Data Can Be Confusing.

51. We Use Graphs to Organize Data.
I know my parents will want to talk to my Language Arts teacher.
We Use Graphs to Organize Data.

52. Graphs Make Data Easier to Understand.
Below is data without a graph.
Animals on the farm
Chickens rule!
Cows
124
Chickens
450
Turkeys
388
Horses 56
Mules
110

53. Data WITH A Graph. Cows 124 Chickens 450 Turkeys 388 Horses 56 Mules
110
Data WITH A Graph.

54. Let’s Learn About Graphs.
There are many different types of graphs.
Let’s learn about two kinds.
The bar graph
2. The line graph
Let’s Learn About Graphs.

55. Different Types of Graphs Can Show the Same Data.
Awesome! These graphs show the same data!
Bar Graph
Line Graph
Different Types of Graphs Can Show the Same Data.

56. Y axis
Check Out the Bar Graph.
X axis

57. Check Out the Line Graph.
Y axis
Check Out the Line Graph.
X axis

58. My Grades 90 55
How To Read A Bar Graph.

59. Learn More About Bar Graphs.

60. Which bar on the graph represents 45 feet?
A Challenge.
Feet

61. Feet
Another Challenge

62. Let’s Test Your Skills. Graph A Graph B 3rd grade 4th grade 5th grade
At Elm Street School students have computer class once a week. The chart shows the number of minutes each class spends in the computer lab.
Class
3rd grade
4th grade
5th grade
6th grade
Number of minutes 25 30 35 45
Which is the most appropriate graph of the information shown in the chart?
Graph A
Graph B

63. What Is Wrong With Graph B?
At Elm Street School students have computer class once a week. The chart shows the number of minutes each class spends in the computer lab.
Class
3rd grade
4th grade
5th grade
6th grade
Number of minutes 25 30 35 45
Which is the most appropriate graph of the information shown in the chart?
Graph A
Graph B

64. Click on each speaker to try to match the sound with the picture.
Fun Page.

65. Congratulations, You Made It!
My brain hurts!
Congratulations, You Made It!

66. Making Science Graphs and Interpreting Data

67. Scientific Graphs
Most scientific graphs are made as line graphs. There may be times when other types would be appropriate, but they are rare.
The lines on scientific graphs are usually drawn either straight or curved. These "smoothed" lines do not have to touch all the data points, but they should at least get close to most of them. They are called best-fit lines.
In general, scientific graphs are not drawn in connect-the- dot fashion.

68. Directly Proportional and Inversely Proportional Graphs
As the independent variable increases, the dependent variable increases as well.
As the independent variable increases, the dependent variable decreases.

69. Predicting Data on a Graph
Graphs are a useful tool in science. The visual characteristics of a graph make trends in data easy to see.
One of the most valuable uses for graphs is to "predict" data that is not measured on the graph.
Extrapolate: extending the graph, along the same slope, above or below measured data.
Interpolate: predicting data between two measured points on the graph.

70. How to Construct a Line Graph
Identify the variables
Independent variable
-Goes on the X – axis (horizontal)
-Should be on the left side of a
data table
Dependent variable
-Goes on the Y – axis (vertical)
-Should be on the right side of a data table
2. Determine the scale of the Graph
Determine a scale (numerical value for each square) that best fits the range of each variable
Spread the graph to use MOST of the available space

71. How to Construct a Line Graph
3. Number and Label Each Axis
a. This tells what the lines on your graph represent. Label each axis with appropriate units.
4. Plot the Data Points
a. plot each data value on the graph with a dot.
5. Draw the Graph
a. draw a curve or line that best fits the data points.
b. Most graphs of experimental data are not drawn as “connect the dots”.
6. Title the Graph
a. Your title should clearly tell what the graph is about.
b. If your graph has more than one set of data, provide a key to identify the different lines.

72. Graphing Practice Problem #1a
Time (seconds)
Distance (meters) 1 2 8 3 18 4 32 5 50 6 72 7 98
128 9
162 10
200
Graph the data.
What does the graph represent?

73. Graphing Practice Problem #1b
A. What type of motion does this graph represent?
B. Put the data from this graph into a table.

74. Graphing Practice Problem #1c
A. Describe what happens during the time represented by this graph.
B. Put the data from this graph into a table.