1. Soil Textures Brown earth - 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay
Gley – clay
Podzol – course textured(sandy)

2. Model answers

4. PODZOL
clearly defined horizons and iron pan forms which leads to water logging – impedes drainage
acid humus layer from the needles of the coniferous woodland
A – brown, B – red/brown layer due to leaching due to high precipitation
• A – a sandy texture, B – a denser texture

6. PODZOL
Climate – precipitation exceeds evaporation leading to leaching and cool temperatures hinder the breakdown of plant litter.
Natural Vegetation – coniferous forest provides a plant litter of needles and cones and develops a mor/acidic humus.
Soil Organisms – limited soil biota and slow activity due to cool climate restricts mixing of soil and creates distinctive horizons.
Relief and drainage – higher ground reduces temperatures, and the downward movement of water leads to leaching, and the formation of an iron pan. Snow melt in spring increases leaching.
Parent material – may be acidic parent rock which determines the nature of the C horizon.

7. Now in your pairs....
Complete this question for BROWN EARTH