1. Intestinal surgical resection disrupts electrical rhythmicity, neural responses, and interstitial cell networks 
Hiroe Yanagida, Haruko Yanase, Kenton M. Sanders, Sean M. Ward 
Gastroenterology 
Volume 127, Issue 6, Pages (December 2004)
DOI: /j.gastro
Copyright © 2004 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Gross morphologic appearance of the murine GI tract 5 hours after intestinal resection. (A) Whole intestine after removal from the animal. (B) Higher-power image of the site of intestinal resection. Arrowsindicate the site of resection where a 2- to 3-cm piece of intestine was removed and an end-to-end re-anastomosis was performed. (C) Diagrammatic map outlining the distances oral and aboral to the site of re-anastomosis from where samples of intestine for morphologic and physiologic studies were removed. Electrical and mechanical recordings and morphologic studies were performed at distances 0.5, 1–5 cm oral, and 1–5 cm aboral to the site of re-anastomosis. (A, B) Scale bars are as indicated.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )
Copyright © 2004 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Slow-wave activity recorded at various distances from the site of intestinal resection 5 hours after surgery. (A) Slow-wave activity recorded from a sham-operated animal (anesthesia followed by laparotomy). (B–E) Slow-wave activity recorded from sites 5.0–0.5 cm oral to the site of resection. Slow-wave activity was similarly decreased aboral to the site of resection (not shown). (F) Summary of slow-wave amplitude (ʩ) and frequency (•) from the site of resection (indicated on the x-axis by 0 and dashed line). Slow-wave amplitude was negligible close to the site of resection and increased orally and aborally to a distance 5 cm from this site. Slow-wave frequency was decreased at distances 1 cm or less from the site of resection both orally and aborally. Asterisks indicate statistical significance at *P < .05 and **P < .01 for both amplitude and frequency.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )
Copyright © 2004 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Contractions of the circular muscle layer from muscles removed at various distances from the site of resection 5 hours after surgery. (A–C) Spontaneous mechanical activity at distances 5, 3, and 0.5 cm oral to the site of resection, respectively. (D–F) Responses to electrical field stimulation (0.5-ms pulses delivered at 1, 5, 10, and 50 Hz for 30 seconds, as indicated by the arrowheads). Both spontaneous contractions and neurally evoked responses decreased in amplitude close to the site of resection. (G) Summary of the nerve-evoked responses plotted as the amplitude of phasic contractions (mN) against the frequency of electric field stimulation (Hz) from muscles from different distances (5.0–0.5 cm) from the site of intestinal resection. The amplitude of contractions was decreased statistically at 0.5 (P < .01) and 1 cm (P < .05) oral to the site of resection for spontaneous activity and neurally evoked responses.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )
Copyright © 2004 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Effects of carbachol on circular muscle contractions at various distances oral to the site of intestinal resection 5 hours after surgery. (A–C) Responses to carbachol (0.1, 1.0, and 10 μmol/L) at times indicated by arrowheads. Carbachol increased the amplitude of phasic contractions and the basal tone of circular muscles in a dose-dependent manner. (C) The amplitude of responses to carbachol decreased close to the site of intestinal resection. (D) Summary of the maximal contractile responses of muscles taken at various distances from the site of resection. The amplitude of contractions in response to carbachol were decreased statistically (P < .01, P < .05) at 0.5 and 1 cm oral to the site of resection at concentrations of 1–10.0 μmol/L carbachol.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )
Copyright © 2004 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
Morphology of tissues taken at various distances from the site of resection 5 hours after surgery. (A–D) Light micrographs of cross-sections through the tunica muscularis at distances 5.0–0 cm from the resection site. Close to the resection site both muscle layers appeared disrupted (C, 1 cm oral; D, the site of resection) and there was infiltration of the tissue by neutrophils (C, D, arrowheads). CM, circular muscle layers; LM, longitudinal muscle layers. (E–H) Kit-LI in muscle samples taken at various distances from the site of resection site (5.0–0 cm, respectively). (H) Kit-LI decreased at the level of the MY and DMPs in muscles close to the site of resection. (I–K) Electron micrographs of the myenteric plexus region at 5 cm, 2–3 cm, and within 0.5 cm of the site of resection, respectively. Typical ICC-MY were observed at 5 cm and 2–3 cm from the site of resection (I,J, arrows); however, near the site of resection, ICC-MY were not observed. (K) Numerous neutrophils (arrowheads) infiltrated the tunica muscularis close to the resection site. (D) Scale barrepresents 50 μm and applies to A–D. (H) Scale barrepresents 50 μm and applies to E–H. (I–K) Scale bars represent 1.0 μm.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )
Copyright © 2004 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

7. Figure 6
Slow-wave activity recorded from muscles taken at various distances from the site of intestinal resection 24 hours after surgery. (A–D) Recovery of slow waves from muscles 5.0–0.5 cm oral to the site of resection. Similar recovery was noted aboral to the site of resection (not shown). (E) Summary of slow-wave amplitude (▩) and frequency (•) from the site of resection (indicated on the x-axis by 0 and dashed line). Slow-wave amplitude had increased significantly at all sites by 24 hours. Close to the site of resection (1.0 cm), slow waves increased significantly in comparison with the amplitudes of events recorded 5 hours after surgery (P < .001). By 24 hours, slow-wave frequency also was recovered adjacent to the resection site compared with 5 hours. Slow-wave activity was not significantly different compared with control recordings except at 1.0 cm, where slow waves were smaller than controls (P < .05).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )
Copyright © 2004 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

8. Figure 7
Morphologic changes in muscles taken at various distances from the site of resection 24 hours after surgery. (A–D) Light micrographs of cross-sections through the tunica muscularis at distances 5.0–0 cm from the resection site. The circular and longitudinal muscle layers appeared relatively normal at all distances from the site of resection. (D) At the site of resection, there was persistent evidence of disruption but there was a dramatic decrease in the number of infiltrating neutrophils. CM, circular muscle layers; LM, longitudinal muscle layers. (E–H) Recovery of Kit-LI at various distances from the site of resection site (5.0–0 cm, respectively). By 24 hours after surgery, Kit-LI had recovered and appeared normal at all regions examined. (I–L) Electron micrographs of the myenteric plexus region at 5 cm, 3 cm, 1.0 cm, and at the site of resection, respectively. Typical ICC-MYs with normal ultrastructural features including an abundance of mitochondria (arrows) were observed at all distances from the site of resection. (D) Scale barrepresents 50 μm and applies to A–D. (H) Scale bar represents 50 μm and applies to E–H. (I–L) Scale bars represent 1.0 μm.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )
Copyright © 2004 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

9. Figure 8
Effects of L-NIL on slow-wave amplitude 5 and 24 hours after surgery. (A) Slow-wave amplitudes plotted as a function of distance oral to the site of resection 5 hours after surgery. The amplitude of slow waves was increased by L-NIL (30 μmol/L) at all distances (P < .05). (B) Effects of L-NIL on slow-wave amplitude 24 hours after resection. Although slow waves were decreased at 1 cm after 24 hours, L-NIL had no effect on slow-wave amplitude at any of the recorded sites. (C) Effect of L-NIL on sham-operated animals (laparotomy and intestine marked with string around intestine) 5 hours after surgery. Slow-wave amplitude was constant along the small intestine and L-NIL had no effect on slow-wave amplitude. (D) Effect of L-NIL on sham-operated animals on which a laparotomy was performed but no manipulation of the small intestine occurred. L-NIL had no effect on the amplitude of slow waves in tissues from these animals.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )
Copyright © 2004 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions