1. Othello
An Introduction

2. Othello – A Shakespearean Tragedy
Othello is a Shakespearean Tragedy
It encompasses elements of tragedies such as:
A serious play ending with the death of numerous characters including the title character
The protagonist is admirable, but flawed, with the audience able to understand and sympathize with the character.

3. Tragedy (cont.) The protagonist is capable of both good and evil
Hero is led into fatal calamity by hamartia (tragic flaw or error) which often takes the form of hubris (excessive pride leading to divine retribution
Tragic effect depends upon audience’s awareness of the admirable qualities of the hero which are wasted in the disaster
Achieves a catharsis (an emotional release) by arousing pity in the audience

4. Tragic Hero The tragic hero is a good man, important to society
The hero suffers a fall brought about by something in his nature
The fall provokes the emotions of pity and fear in the reader
The tragic character comes to some kind of understanding or new recognition of what has happened
Tragic flaw – defect of character that leads to the hero’s disastrous downfall

5. The Language
Verse: Poetic language that includes meter and sometimes rhyme;
organized in lines with a consistent number of syllables
Prose: Ordinary written language with no meter or rhyme; organized in sentences

6. Verse vs. Prose: Usage
Poetic style of verse used for high status characters, great affairs of war and state, and tragic moments.
Prose used for low status characters (servants, clowns, drunks, villains), proclamations, written challenges, accusations, letters, comedic moments, and to express madness

7. Aside, Monologue, Soliloquy
Aside: a character’s remark, either to the audience or another character, that other characters on stage are not supposed to hear
Monologue: an extended speech by a single character that is uninterrupted by others
Soliloquy: a speech a character gives s/he is alone on stage

8. Setting Journey from Venice, Italy to Cyprus
Venice = order, rule of reason ?
Cyprus = disorder, rule of passion ?

9. The world’s greatest…
By the time he’d written Othello (around 1604) Shakespeare was considered the greatest playwright of his day.
Many feel that Shakespeare's later plays show a darker, more pessimistic view of the world than his early plays.
Under James I (his rule is referred to as the Jacobean period), England lost some of its power and prosperity. Too, conflicts between Catholics and Protestants led to civil strife. Shakespeare's earlier plays reflected Elizabeth's golden reign. By 1604, when Othello was first produced, the headiness of the Elizabethan period was recent history.
This is reflected in the fact that, unlike his other tragedies, there is no resolution to the conflict caused at the end of the play.

10. Othello – a moor
Othello is described in the play as a moor, and a general in the Venetian Army.
The origin of the word “moor” comes from the Greek word mauros meaning dark or very dark. A Muslim person of Arab and Berber descent from northwest Africa. Moors invaded Spain and established a civilization in Andalusia lasting from the 8th -- 15th centuries

11. What does it mean to be Moorish?
Moors were characterized in Elizabethan England as being alternately or simultaneously noble or monstrous, civil or savage.
It was often the case (in literature) that a moor was presented as someone accepted by society to a certain point, but then rejected due to other factors.

12. Iago
Iago is one of Shakespeare’s most sinister villains, often considered so because of the unique trust Othello puts in him, which he betrays while maintaining his reputation of honesty and dedication.
Shakespeare contrasts Iago with Othello’s nobility and integrity.
Iago is a malcontent – he has a bitter and cyncial view of the world around him.
The name Iago is a shortened version of the Spanish name “Santiago” or “St James”.
Saint James of Spain was also known as “St James the Moor Killer” which seems appropriate within the play.

13. Winning a fair lady…
Men were expected to go through distinct stages of courtly love in order to woo a woman.
It was thought that love wasn’t entirely platonic, but that it was based on sexual attraction.
As the etiquette of courtly love became more complicated, the knight might wear the colours of his lady: blue or black were the colors of faithfulness; green was a sign of unfaithfulness.
The stages of courtly love:
Attraction to the lady, usually via eyes/glance
Worship of the lady from afar
Declaration of passionate devotion
Virtuous rejection by the lady
Renewed wooing with oaths of virtue and eternal fealty
Moans of approaching death from unsatisfied desire (and other physical manifestations of lovesickness)
Heroic deeds of valor which win the lady's heart
Consummation of the secret love
Endless adventures and subterfuges avoiding detection

14. A typical wife receiving her instruction
The Wife’s Status
The husband, in the accepted role as head of the household, gives moral direction to his wife and children--who sit obediently listening.
“Ye women, submit your selves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord. For the husband is the wife's head, even as Christ is the head of the Church, and he is the saviour of the whole body. Therefore as the Church in congregation is subject unto Christ: so likewise let the wives be in subjection unto their own husbands in all things” (“The Book of Common Prayer”)
A typical wife receiving her instruction

15. Evil Women!
In the Elizabethan times there was a long and well established tradition in the Church of what we would now call misogyny – women were distrusted simply because they were women. At the time it was assumed that women would cheat – it was part of their nature!
The men in Othello have differing views of women – from Othello who idolizes his wife (Desdemona) to Iago who sees love as "merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will“.
The attitudes of the audience at the time are likely to have been varied too.

16. The Cuckold
Any man whose wife cheated on him (without his knowledge) was known as a cuckold.
The word derives from “cuckoo” – the bird known for laying their eggs in another’s nest.
It was highly undesirable to be considered a cuckold.
All of the community would find out about it and it was considered a public humiliation.
Cuckolds were often described as having horns – a hangover from the days when a cuckold was forced to parade around his town wearing antlers as a sign of his wife’s infidelity.

17. Jealousy
Jealousy was viewed as something irrational and linked to the deadly sin of envy.
It was viewed as a sudden infection against which there was no prevention or cure.
It was thought of as eroding trust and it dissolved the bonds holding together marriages, families and social frameworks.
Being jealous could let in evil and chaos and it was a state greatly feared by Shakespeare’s audiences.

18. Jealousy and Deception
Do you consider yourself to be a jealous person? Why?
Have you ever deceived anyone? Why?
Is jealously acceptable in a relationship?
Is it ever okay to knowingly deceive someone?

19. Quotations on Jealousy – Do you agree?
“Love sees sharply, hatred sees even more sharp, but Jealousy sees the sharpest for it is love and hate at the same time”
      “Jealousy is nothing more than a fear of abandonment”
“ In jealousy there is more of self-love than love.”
“A competent and self-confident person is incapable of jealousy in anything. Jealousy is invariably a symptom of neurotic insecurity.”
“Jealousy is a disease, love is a healthy condition. The immature mind often mistakes one for the other, or assumes that the greater the love, the greater the jealousy -- in fact, they're almost incompatible; one emotion hardly leaves room for the other. Both at once can produce unbearable turmoil...”

20. Quotations on Deception – Do you agree?
“We are never deceived; we deceive ourselves.”
“Deception is a cruel act... It often has many players on different stages that corrode the soul.”
“It's better to get something worthwhile done using deception than to fail to get something worthwhile done using truth.”
“Truth lives on in the midst of deception”

21. Today’s society - TASK
Think about the cultural rules that you live by.
Look at the questions opposite and discuss/make notes.
What rules dictate the behaviour of young men and women in relationships today?
What are the things “nice girls” just don’t do?
What are the things “nice boys” just don’t do?
What do you think the consequences are of breaking these rules?