Introduction to Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Introduction to Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web
Organizing Information & Metadata

Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web
Semantic Web is all about data. So we need to understand first what is data and metadata DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Lecture Outline Metadata Examples Metadata Definition Controlled Vocabulary: Thesaurus; Ontology Uncontrolled Vocabulary Structured vs. Unstructured Data Purposes of Metadata Important Distinctions between Metadata DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Three different Metadata examples
These slides Book “London to Lahore” on Internet archives website “National Anthem” video on Youtube DCS GCU - FS 2013 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Metadata about “these slides”
Course Name or Title Lecture Topic or Title Lecturer or Creator Organization Lecture Date Semester Class Schedule Place Pieces of metadata: Tells something useful about lecture/course Obtained from timetable or slides It is about lecture, not about the content of lecture DCS GCU - FS 2013 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Internet Archives Example
Internet Archives Example DCS GCU - FS 2013 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Metadata of video (Youtube)
Related videos

Video Metadata lot of metadata (besides video) Some Metadata is free text (e.g. description) while other is selected from given (e.g. category) Different creators, different processes, different Metadata Up-loader of video (e.g. title; category; description etc) Viewers (e.g. comments) Youtube computer algorithm (e.g. viewers’ count; related videos etc) DCS GCU - FS 2013 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Diversity of Metadata The information or description is about the object being discussed and not about the content of object This description is actually Metadata about objects Different types of processes are used for different types of Metadata Metadata can be general, specific to objects, specific to applications General: creator, title Object Specific: lecture slides (schedule); book (page count); video (video duration) Application Specific: scanner; scan date; comments; tags DCS GCU - FS 2013 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Metadata in Technology News DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

The USA NSA and Metadata
Metadata associated with mobile calls: # of the phone making the call # being called ID of the cell tower (to approximate locations) Time & duration of the call Cell phone subscribers data DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Metadata is data DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

For Location-based services (e.g. Google Maps) Metadata (coordinate) used by GPS devices Recommendations based on physical location Metadata is everything else (Except actual content) Metadata is data Fuzzy distinction between data and metadata Context sensitive DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

OS X Mavericks Tags in finder Tags in a document DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Descriptive metadata for organizing and searching files
Tags in finder DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Tags in a document Term tags is used for metadata interchangeably DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Firefox Bookmark Tags in Firefox DCS GCU - FS 2014
Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Lecture Outline Metadata Examples Metadata Definition Controlled Vocabulary: Thesaurus; Ontology Uncontrolled Vocabulary Structured vs. Unstructured Data Purposes of Metadata Important Distinctions between Metadata DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Metadata = Data About Data Metadata = Description Two questions: Description of what? (practical question) What does it mean to describe something (more philosophical) DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Description of Anything
Description of What? Description of Anything Physical Digital Natural Artificial DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

A statement about Something
Something is Subject Descriptor is Object Predicate is relationship between Subject and Object DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Data about anything DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Metadata = Description
Descriptive statements are the simplest things you can say about something. DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Description DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

What does it mean to describe something?
What is description? What does it mean to describe something? Examples: describing books in libraries for the purpose of storage and later retrieving them Describing animals in zoo to help people understand what they are looking for DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

e.g. access points for books
Title Author Subject Access points are made of descriptive metadata e.g. access points for books DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Descriptive metadata examples
DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Administrative metadata
Administrative metadata provides information to help manage or administer something. DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Subject Analysis DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Subject Analysis Object: These Slides Subject: Organizing Information; Metadata; Semantic Web Titles are not always a good indication of what’s something is about. Subject Analysis is usually subjective DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Subject Analysis Books titles are not always descriptive Object: Bang-e-Dara (The Call of the Marching Bell). Subject: Philosophical poetry Poems Self-esteem Figuring out significant characteristics of things being described DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Item-level vs. Collection-level Description DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Item = single object Collection = collection of objects

Example (http://exhibitions.europeana.eu/)

Collection-level description

Item-level description

Subject Headings DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)
A descriptive metadata schema Subject heading for use in bibliographic records Possibly covers all human knowledge By using LCSH, libraries collect, organize and disseminate documents Applied to every item within a library’s collection DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) LCSH provides subject heading terms to describe anything with a subject DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Thesaurus or Controlled Vocabulary

Not a thesaurus or a controlled vocabulary
A snapshot of language Not a thesaurus or a controlled vocabulary DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

LCSH – controlled vocabulary
Organizational control over vocabulary DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Thesauri DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Thesaurus List of words Relationships between words Synonymy Antonymy DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

MeSH – controlled vocabulary
Narrower but deeper DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Hierarchy of Terms / Family Tree / organization Chart Hierarchy tree is used to represent terms and relationships between them DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Standard terms for entities
UF : Use For Thesaurus also defines standard terms for entities DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Entity and Relationships

Faceted Classification DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Logic of controlled vocabulary is dependent on what you want to do with it. On description side, faceted classification allows richer description of objects along multiple axes. To describe things according to more than one characteristic or attribute. On retrieval side, objects can be searched precisely using specific terms. DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

A library item can be described in multiple ways and later can be searched by several different facets. DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Ontology DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Meaning Philosophy: Study of the nature of existence, what categories of things exist, & what their relationships are Information Science: Formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain Computer Science: An ontology is an explicit and formal specification of a conceptualization DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Thesauri for natural languages DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Thesaurus LCSH DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Personal Ontology example
Ontologies are for some specific domains but describe more complex relationships and inference rules than thesauri. Personal ontology is related to individual people Set of categories of objects within Personal universe Complex relationships between categories or objects Allows inferences DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

FOAF Ontology FOAF ontology is related to “friend of a friend” Set of categories of objects within FOAF universe Complex relationships between categories or objects Allows inferences DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Uncontrolled Vocabulary DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Tags are example of uncontrolled vocabulary No control over vocabulary

Flickr example Lahore Fort DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Tags cloud DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

“Map is not a Territory”
Alfred Korzybski DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Matadata is a Map Metadata simplifies the complex conceptual space of the world, for example LCSH is not that much complex that the entire scope of human knowledge It provides a large but a finite set of terms to describe that complex conceptual space You do not need to know whole LCSH controlled vocabulary to use some particular term LCSH is a Map and the scope of all human knowledge is Territory. DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Purposes of Metadata DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Metadata IS NOT always describing the features of a thing
Types of Metadata Metadata IS NOT always describing the features of a thing Descriptive Metadata E.g. title; author; publication year; file format etc Structural Metadata Description of the structure/organization of a compound object. e.g: book  chapters  sections  pages Administrative Metadata Description of how an object can or should be stored or cared for e.g. Copyright or intellectual property rights; access permissions; origin etc DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Some important distinctions about Metadata Record DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Important distinction # 1: Level
Item Collection What is the Metadata record describing? DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Important distinction # 2: Location
Embedded Linked Where is Metadata record? DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Bibliographic Metadata record is embedded in the object

Library card is an example of Linked Metadata record that is located separately from the original object DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Important distinction # 3: Audience
Human-readable Machine-readable Who is the Metadata for? DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC) Record DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Conclusion DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Metadata = Description

Descriptive Structural Administrative

Controlled Vocabulary Uncontrolled Vocabulary

Thesaurus Ontology DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Level: Item vs. Collection Location: Embedded vs. Linked Audience: Human- vs. Machine-readable DCS GCU - FS 2014 Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

Introduction to Semantic Metadata & Semantic Web

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