1. What Does DNA Look Like? Do Now! Section 1
Can you explain the difference between traits and characteristics? Which is more closely associated with DNA and genes? Do you know where DNA and genes are found in the body? In specific cells?
Write your answers in your science journal.

2. Genes
and
DNA

3. Section 1: What Does DNA Look Like? Section 2: How Does DNA Work?
Chapter 6
Genes and DNA
Section 1: What Does DNA Look Like?
Section 2: How Does DNA Work?
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4. What Does DNA Look Like? Objectives Section 1
List three important events that led to understanding the structure of DNA.
Describe the basic structure of a DNA molecule.
Explain how DNA molecules can be copied.
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5. What Does DNA Look Like?
Inherited characteristics are determined by genes and genes are passed from one generation to the next.
Genes are part of chromosomes which are structures in the nucleus of most cells.
Chromosomes are made of protein and DNA.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material that determines inherited characteristics.

6. DNA needs to be able to:
Give instructions for building and maintaining cells
Be able to be copied each time a cell divides so that it contains identical genes

7. DNA’s Double Structure
What Does DNA Look Like?
DNA’s Double Structure
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The Double Helix: a strand of DNA looks like a twisted ladder.

8. DNA is made of nucleotides
DNA is made of subunits called nucleotides.
Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.
The four bases are Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)

9. Chargaff’s Rule:
Chargaff’s Rule: the amount of guanine always equals the amount of cytosine and the adenine equals the thymine.
SO: If I have 20% Adenine then I will have how much Thymine?
And that means that I have how much Cytosine and how much Guanine?

10. Franklin’s Discovery:
x-ray diffraction to make these images. This showed that DNA was a spiral shape.

11. Watson and Crick’s Model:
Watson and Crick’s Model: James Watson and Francis Crick used Chargaff’s and Franklin’s research to build a model of DNA in the shape of a long twisted ladder.

12. Double Helix DNA Structure Section 1
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13. Section 1
What Does DNA Look Like?
two sides or handrails of the ladder are made of alternating sugar parts and phosphate parts.
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14. Section 1
What Does DNA Look Like?
The rungs are made of pairs of bases. Adenine pairs with Thymine and cytosine with guanine.
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15. DNA Replication

16. Making Copies of DNA How Copies Are Made: The DNA will untwist.
DNA molecule is split down the middle where the bases meet
The bases on each side of the molecule are used as a pattern for a new strand.

17. Making Copies of DNA (Cont)
DNA is copied every time a cell divides
The job of unwinding, copying and rewinding the DNA is done by proteins called enzymes within the cell.

18. DNA Modeling Lab Adenine is red Guanine is green Thymine is yellow
Cytosine is blue
Phosphate is brown
Deoxyribose(sugar) is purple

19. DNA Replication

20. Build a Molecule

21. How DNA Works Do Now! Section 2 Unscramble the following words:
tpsoneir
neesg
Now think of three words you associate with each of the above words and use them all in a paragraph that highlights what you know about DNA.
Write your paragraph in your science journal.
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22. How DNA Works Objectives Section 2
Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins.
Outline the basic steps in making a protein.
Describe three types of mutations, and provide an example of a gene mutation.
Describe two examples of uses of genetic knowledge.
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23. How DNA Works Unraveling DNA Section 2
Coiled and Bundled DNA is often wound around proteins, coiled into strands, and then bundled up even more. In a cell that has a nucleus, the strands of DNA and proteins are bundled into chromosomes.
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24. How DNA works
Almost every cell in your body contains 1.5 meters of DNA
Each organisms DNA is unique
DNA holds information
A gene consists of a string of nucleotides that give information about a specific trait
Humans have at least 30,000 genes

25. Unraveling DNA Section 2
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26. Genes and Proteins How DNA Works DNA is read like a book.
Section 2
Genes and Proteins
How DNA Works
DNA is read like a book.
Groups of three bases are the codes for amino acids.
A long string of amino acids forms a protein.
Each gene is usually a set of instructions for making a protein.
Proteins and Traits Proteins help determine how tall you grow, what colors you can see, and whether your hair is curly or straight.
A single organism may have thousands of genes that code for thousands of proteins.
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27. Help from RNA
Another type of molecule that helps make proteins is called RNA, or ribonucleic acid. RNA is so similar to DNA that RNA can serve as a temporary copy of a DNA sequence.
Several forms of RNA help in the process of changing the code into proteins.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries the instructions for making the protein.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries the supplies

28. Section 2
The Making of a Protein: A
The first step in making a protein is to copy one side of the segment of DNA containing a gene.
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29. The Making of a Protein: B
Section 2
The Making of a Protein: B
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30. Deletion: when a base is left out
Section 2
Changes in Genes
How DNA Works
Mutations: Changes in the number, type, or order of bases on a piece of DNA are known as mutations. There are three kinds of mutations. They are:
Deletion: when a base is left out
Insertion: when a extra base is added
Substitution: when the wrong base is used
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31. When an error is found it is usually fixed by proteins.
Section 2
Changes in Genes
How DNA Works
Do Mutations Matter? There are three possible consequences to changes in DNA: an improved trait, no change, or a harmful trait.
When an error is found it is usually fixed by proteins.
If the mutation is in sex cells, it may be passed to future generations.
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32. Can have a physical or chemical cause
Section 2
Changes in Genes
How DNA Works
How Do Mutations Happen? Mutations happen regularly because of random errors when DNA is copied.
Can have a physical or chemical cause
Ex. Ultra violet rays, asbestos, cigarette smoke, and x-rays
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33. An Example of Substitution How DNA Works
Section 2
An Example of Substitution
How DNA Works
Sickle Cell Anemia is a disease that affects red blood cells. It is caused by a substitution that causes a change in a single amino acid in a blood protein.
The DNA sequence GAA, when copied as mRNA, gives the instructions to place the amino acid glutamic acid into the growing protein.
If the original DNA sequence is changed to GTA, the sequence will code for the amino acid valine instead.
When valine is substituted for glutamic acid in a blood protein, the red blood cells are changed into a sickle shape.
The genetic origin of sickle cell anemia is shown on the next slide.
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34. How Sickle Cell Anemia Results from a Mutation
Section 2
How Sickle Cell Anemia Results from a Mutation
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35. Section 2
How DNA Works
Uses of Genetic Knowledge
Genetic Engineering: when scientists manipulate individual genes within organisms.
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36. Section 2
How DNA Works
Uses of Genetic Knowledge
Genetic Identification: Your DNA is unique, so it can be used like a fingerprint to identify you.
DNA fingerprinting identifies the unique patterns in an individual’s DNA.
Cloning: a clone is a new organism that has an exact copy of another organism’s genes.
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37. Cloning Example

38. Why is Cloning important?
If scientist’s can figure out how a cell’s DNA turns genes on or off to produce specific kinds of cells, they may eventually be able to use the nucleus of any body cell to grow new skin, nerve, or muscle cells – or any type of cell needed. If your own cells are used, your body will not reject them.

40. DNA Replication

41. Human Genome Project

43. The Cell in Action Concept Map Chapter 6
Use the following terms to complete the concept map on the next slide: mutation, amino acids, nucleotide, DNA, adenine, genes, guanine, proteins, chromosomes, cytosine.
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44. Chapter 6
Concept Map
Use the following terms to complete the concept map in your notebook: mutation, amino acids, nucleotide, DNA, adenine, genes, guanine, proteins, chromosome, cytosine.
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45. Chapter 6
Concept Map
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