1. HERBICIDES

2. BIOLOGICAL Few with practical application
Xpo (Xanthomonas bacteria) for Annual bluegrass control

3. SYNTHETIC AMINE AND ESTER FORMULATIONS
Adding side group molecules to active ingredient
Amine: Dimethylamine group to an acid
Ester: isooctyl group to an acid

4. SYNTHETIC
Amine formulation
Less volatile and less non-target effects

5. SYNTHETIC Ester formulation Penetrates leaf easier
More volatile (vapor drift)
Winter and early spring: cooler temps and less leaves

6. SYNTHETIC ISOMERS Different versions of same chemical
Left hand versus right hand

7. SYNTHETIC ISOMERS One very effective, the other not at all
Isolate effective isomer, get rid of ineffective one
Lower rates, same result (Acclaim Extra)

8. SYNTHETIC SURFACTANTS Formulation surfactants included with product
Roundup Pro increased absorption and rainfastness

9. FORMULATION Granular Less volatile Won’t stick to leaves
Less phytotoxic effects
Cost more: mostly inert ingredients, shipping costs
Public acceptance
Less staining and easier clean up

10. FORMULATION Liquid More volatile, better post- effect
Phytotoxic to non-target
Cheap
Bad image

11. PREEMERGENT Applied before seed germination
Kills the weed seed as it germinates
Timing is critical, will not control established weeds
Aeration does not effect control
A few herbicides have pre and post activity
Dimension
Most often a granular that requires water-in

15. POSTEMERGENCE
Applied after weeds have emerged

16. POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDE UPTAKE Soil-applied
Absorbed by germinating roots
Some shoots

17. POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDE UPTAKE Foliar-applied
Cuticle, the waxy surface of the leaf
Leaf hair

18. POSTEMERGENCE FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF Foliar retention
Water carrier
Surface tension of water
Reduced leaf contact

19. POSTEMERGENCE FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF Foliar retention
Spray volume
Complete coverage for contact
Partial coverage for systemic

20. POSTEMERGENCE FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF Foliar retention
Rainfall
6 to 24 hours

21. POSTEMERGENCE Systemic herbicides Move with plant food
Kill all parts of the plant
Rapid growth favorable for kill

22. POSTEMERGENCE Contact herbicides
Kill tissue applied, no distribution throughout plant
Membrane destruction in hours
Control of annuals
Perennials require repeat application
FAST

23. MODE OF ACTION SELECTIVE HERBICIDES SEDGE CONTROL Manage Image
Certainty
Monument

24. MODE OF ACTION GRASS CONTROL Vantage controls bahiagrass
MSMA controls crabgrass

25. MODE OF ACTION BROADLEAF CONTROL PHENOXY HERBICIDES (after WWII)
2,4-D, good on dandelion
Many turfgrasses sensitive
MCPP (Mecoprop), good on clover

26. MODE OF ACTION BROADLEAF CONTROL PHENOXY HERBICIDES (after WWII)
Trimec
Bentgrass Selective

27. MODE OF ACTION
BROADLEAF CONTROL
BENZOIC ACID
Dicamba

28. MODE OF ACTION Sulfonylurea family
Manor and Blade on broadleaf and grassy
Certainty, Sedgehammer and Monument control of sedge, kyllinga and poa

29. MODE OF ACTION Pyridine family Could replace 2,4-D
Turflon, Spotlight and Lontrel
10 times more potent than 2,4-D
Confront found in compost clippings, limited to commercial use

30. MODE OF ACTION Triazolinone family Quicksilver (Carfentrazone)
Speed Zone
2,4-D, MCPP, Dicamba, and Carfentrazone

31. MODE OF ACTION Quinolinecarboxylic acid family
Drive for post crabgrass control

32. MODE OF ACTION Triazine family Atrazine soluble, non-target damage
Research change frog sex and lending to death
Centipede
St. Augustine

33. MODE OF ACTION Scott’s Weed and Feed Atrazine replaced by metasulfuron
Manor
Concerns of groundwater contamination
Destroyed centipedegrass

34. MODE OF ACTION NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDES Kills most plants
Glyphosate is systemic (slow)
Diquat is contact (fast)
QuikPro (Round-up) combines for quick, systemic kill
Limits systemic effect

35. Fumigation MODE OF ACTION Kills plants, MO, seeds, etc. Methyl Bromide
Odorless
Teargas added

36. Fumigation MODE OF ACTION Plastic cover to prevent leakage
24 to 48 hours

37. Fumigation MODE OF ACTION
Methyl Bromide phasout due to ozone-depleting potential
Dazomet is unclassified granular fumigant

38. MOSS Low nitrogen and wet areas
Copper containing fungicides, soapy solutions

39. GENETICALLY MODIFIED TURF (GMO)
Genes isolated from other plants, animals or microbes for herbicide and insect resistance
Round-up Ready corn and soybeans

42. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR
Inhibit growth
Suppress seedheads
Reduce costs and maintenance
Enhance turf quality
possibly increase roots
improve shade tolerance
improve roll

43. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR
CELL-DIVISION INHIBITORS, TYPE 1
Vegetative growth
Seedhead development

44. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR
CELL-DIVISION INHIBITORS, TYPE 1
Growth inhibition for 3 to 4 weeks
Yellowing
Embark

45. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR
GIBBERELLIN INHIBITORS, TYPE 2
Suppress cell elongation, internodes shorter
3 to 6 weeks
Cutless

46. ORGANIC HERBICIDES SOAPS Fatty acids Stripping cuticle
Dehydrate
Safer and M-pede

47. ORGANIC HERBICIDES ESSENTIAL OILS Clove and cinnamon oil
Eugenol
Disrupting cell membranes
Matran and EcoExempt

48. ORGANIC HERBICIDES ESSENTIAL OILS Citrus oil Nature’s Avenger Limonene
hand cleaner and degreaser
Nature’s Avenger

49. ORGANIC HERBICIDES VINEGAR Acetic acid Not listed it as an herbicide
Not household vinegar
>20%
Not listed it as an herbicide
Avoid EPA registration
AllDown and Burnout II

50. ORGANIC HERBICIDES PELARGONIC ACID fatty acid synthetically produced
not organic
Scythe

51. ORGANIC HERBICIDES CORN GLUTEN
Applied 4 to 6 weeks before target dates
Contains 10% nitrogen
First year, expect 50% weed control
Second or third year 90%