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6-3 Biodiversity
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2. The Value of Biodiversity
Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere.
Ecosystem diversity includes the variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the living world.
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3. The Value of Biodiversity
Species diversity is the number of different species in the biosphere.
Genetic diversity is the sum total of all the different forms of genetic information carried by all organisms living on Earth today.
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4. The Value of Biodiversity
Why is biodiversity important?
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5. The Value of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is one of Earth's greatest natural resources.
Species of many kinds have provided us with foods, industrial products, and medicines—including painkillers, antibiotics, heart drugs, antidepressants, and anticancer drugs.
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6. Threats to Biodiversity
What are the current threats to biodiversity?
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7. Threats to Biodiversity
Threats to Biodiversity-HIPCO
Human activity can reduce biodiversity by:
Habitat alteration
Invasive species-introducing foreign species to new environments
Pollution-introducing toxic compounds into food webs
Climate Change
Overharvesting-hunting species to extinction
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Habitat Alteration
Habitat Alteration
Habitat alteration is defined as a change in the particular environment or place where organisms or species tend to live. This can happen through habitat destruction or habitat fragmentation.
Development often splits ecosystems into pieces, a process called habitat fragmentation. The smaller a species’ habitat is, the more vulnerable the species is to further disturbance.
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Introduced Species
Introduced Species
Another threat to biodiversity comes from plants and animals that humans transport around the world either accidentally or intentionally.
Invasive species are introduced species that reproduce rapidly because their new habitat lacks the predators that would control their population.
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Introduced Species
Hundreds of invasive species—including zebra mussels in the Great Lakes and the leafy spurge across the Northern Great Plains—are already causing ecological problems in the United States.
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Pollution
Pollution
Many forms of pollution can threaten biodiversity.
One of the most serious problems occurs when toxic compounds accumulate in the tissues of organisms.
DDT, one of the first pesticides, is a good example of this.
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Pollution
For a long time DDT was considered harmless, and it drained into rivers and streams in low concentrations.
However, DDT has two hazardous properties:
It is nonbiodegradable, which means that it cannot be broken down by organisms.
Once DDT is picked up by organisms, it cannot be eliminated from their bodies.
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Pollution
When DDT enters food webs, it undergoes biological magnfication.
In biological magnification, concentrations of a harmful substance increase in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web.
In 1962, biologist Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring, which alerted people to the dangers of biological magnification.
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14. Magnification of DDT Concentration
Pollution
Magnification of DDT Concentration
In the process of biological magnification, the concentration of a pollutant such as DDT—represented here by orange dots—is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from producers to consumers.
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15. Magnification of DDT Concentration
Pollution
Magnification of DDT Concentration
In the process of biological magnification, the concentration of a pollutant such as DDT—represented here by orange dots—is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from producers to consumers.
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16. Magnification of DDT Concentration
Pollution
Magnification of DDT Concentration
In the process of biological magnification, the concentration of a pollutant such as DDT—represented here by orange dots—is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from producers to consumers.
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17. Magnification of DDT Concentration
Pollution
Magnification of DDT Concentration
In the process of biological magnification, the concentration of a pollutant such as DDT—represented here by orange dots—is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from producers to consumers.
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18. Magnification of DDT Concentration
Pollution
Magnification of DDT Concentration
In the process of biological magnification, the concentration of a pollutant such as DDT—represented here by orange dots—is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from producers to consumers.
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19. Magnification of DDT Concentration
Pollution
Magnification of DDT Concentration
In the process of biological magnification, the concentration of a pollutant such as DDT—represented here by orange dots—is multiplied as it passes up the food chain from producers to consumers.
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Pollution
The widespread use of DDT threatened populations of many animals—especially fish-eating birds like the bald eagle—with extinction.
By the early 1970s, DDT was banned in the U.S. and in most other industrialized countries; as a result, affected bird populations have recovered.
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Climate Change
Climate Change
Researchers are gathering data to monitor and evaluate the effects of human activities on important systems in the biosphere. Two of these systems are:
Ozone depletion
Global warming
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Ozone Depletion
Early Evidence
In the 1970s, scientists discovered a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica.
After it was first discovered, the ozone hole grew larger.
The ozone layer protects against harmful UV rays.
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Ozone Depletion
Exposure to UV can:
cause cancer
damage eyes
decrease organisms' resistance to disease
damage plant leaf tissue and phytoplankton in the oceans
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Global Climate Change
Global Climate Change
The term used to describe the increase in the average temperature of the biosphere is global warming.
One sign of global warming is melting polar ice.
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Overharvesting
Overharvesting
Overharvesting (overhunting, overfishing) occurs when species are removed at a rate faster than the population can replace them.
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27. Conserving Biodiversity
Conservation is the wise management of natural resources, including the preservation of habitats and wildlife.
Protecting an ecosystem will ensure that the natural habitats and the interactions of many different species are preserved at the same time.
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28. Conserving Biodiversity
Strategies for Conservation  Many conservation efforts are aimed at managing individual species to keep them from becoming extinct.
Conservation efforts focus on protecting entire ecosystems as well as single species.
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29. Threats to Biodiversity
Extinction occurs when a species disappears from all or part of its range.
A species whose population size is declining in a way that places it in danger of extinction is called an endangered species.
As the population of an endangered species declines, the species loses genetic diversity.
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30. Conserving Biodiversity
Conservation Challenges
Protecting resources for the future can require people to change the way they earn their living today.
Conservation regulations must be informed by solid research and must try to maximize benefits while minimizing economic costs.
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31. Demand for Wildlife Products
Throughout history, humans have pushed some animal species to extinction by hunting them for food or other products.
Today, in the U.S., endangered species are protected from hunting.
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32. Demand for Wildlife Products
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in Wild Life and Fauna, CITES, bans international trade in products derived from endangered species.
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33. The Value of a Healthy Biosphere
Ecosystem services are the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human well-being. They support directly or indirectly our survival and quality of life. Making wise choices in the use and conservation of resources helps maintain a healthy ecosystem.
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34. The Value of a Healthy Biosphere
Human society depends on healthy, diverse, and productive ecosystems because of the environmental and economic benefits they provide.
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35. The Value of a Healthy Biosphere
Human society depends on healthy, diverse, and productive ecosystems because of the environmental and economic benefits they provide.
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6-3
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6-3
The type of biodiversity that includes the inheritance information carried by the Earth’s organisms is called
biological magnification.
ecological diversity.
genetic diversity.
species diversity.
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6-3
Populations of invasive species tend to
decrease.
increase rapidly.
remain constant.
increase, then decrease.
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6-3
The wise management of natural resources, including the preservation of habitats and wildlife, is known as
biodiversity.
conservation.
habitat alteration.
ecosystem diversity.
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6-3
By focusing on protecting specific ecosystems, biologists hope to preserve
global biodiversity.
biological magnification.
invasive species.
habitat fragmentation.
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In a food pyramid, biological magnification results in the
increased amount of a toxic substance in organisms at the lowest level.
increased amount of a toxic substance in organisms at the highest level.
decreased number of levels in the food pyramid.
increased amount of a toxic substance in the surrounding air or water.
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