1. Equilibrium System

2. Le Chatelier’s Principle
When a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system adjusts in a way to reduce the change

3. Ways Equilibrium Systems Change
Temperature
Pressure
Concentration (The Common-Ion Effect)

4. Increasing the temperature in an equilibrium mixture
In Exothermic reactions leads to a shift in favor of the reactants (left shift)
In Endothermic reactions leads to a shift in favor of the product/s (right shift)

5. Pressure changes in equilibrium
Pressure has almost no effect on equilibrium that are in a solution.
Gases in equilibrium, however, may be affected by changes in pressure
Pressure increases at equilibrium reduces the number of moles of gas and the equilibrium shifts to the product (right shift)

6. The Common-Ion Effect
The maximum concentration of a salt in an aqueous solution is called solubility of the salt in water-Ksp
The Common-Ion Effect is the reduction of the solubility of a salt in the solution due to the addition of a common ion.
This results in either a precipitation or reduces ionization.