1. War of 1812: (Part II)
AP U.S. History
CH 12.1

2. Essential Question:
What were the significant causes & effects of the War of 1812?

3. The Road to War: Renewed Conflict with England & France

4. The Embargo of 1807
When England & France resumed war in 1803 & violated U.S. neutrality, Jefferson approved the unpopular Embargo of 1807
To enforce the embargo, Jefferson contradicted his principles of individual liberty & weak gov’t:
He mobilized the military to enforce the blockade
He declared regions of NY (near Canada) in a state of insurrection 19

6. The Embargo of 1807
“Never did a prisoner, released from his chains, feel such relief as I shall on shaking off the shackles of power.”—TJ
For 15 months the embargo proved ineffective; Congress repealed the embargo in 1809
Jefferson’s decision to not run for a third term meant that these problems fell to his hand-picked successor, James Madison
In 1808, Madison was elected president & the Republicans maintained control of the gov’t
The embargo gained no political concessions from France or Britain
But it produced economic hardship, smuggling, & political dissent in America
just 3 days before Jefferson left office
In effect for 15 months,. But it had produced economic hardship, evasion of the law, and political dissension at home. :
Congress repealed the embargo just 3 days after Jefferson left office

8. The Road to the War of 1812
The focus of Madison’s presidency was foreign policy:
In 1809, the Non-Intercourse Act promised the U.S. would resume trade with England & France once U.S. neutrality is respected
In 1810, Congress replaced this with Macon’s Bill #2 offering exclusive trade to whichever nation 1st honored U.S. neutrality
…but England continued to seize U.S. ships
Madison eagerly reopened trade with England
France agreed to end all trade restrictions (but never stopped seizing ships or impressing sailors) 21

9. Which region would have supported a declaration of war the most?
Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution”
Madison eventually gave in & asked Congress for a declaration of war in June 1812
Americans in the West & South wanted war to gain Canada & Spanish Florida
NE Federalists thought war with Britain as a mistake: they feared the U.S. could not defeat England & a war would bankrupt the country
Most calls for war centered on British interference with U.S. trade rights.
“Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” was a popular battle cry
By 1810, War Hawks in Congress, led by Henry Clay (KY) & John C. Calhoun (SC), demanded war with England 23

10. The War of 1812

11. The U.S. did not fare well against the better-trained British troops
War of 1812
The U.S. did not fare well against the better-trained British troops
Despite increased patriotism, the U.S. was unprepared for war:
Congress refused to raise taxes
The army was small & state militias were inadequate
The government was incapable of directing a full-scale war
The U.S. goal for the war was to attack British Canada & force England to respect U.S. rights
The U.S. navy was a little more successful but only because the bulk of British navy was still fighting Napoleon in Europe 24

12. In 1814, the British took the offensive in a 3-pronged attack
The American army under Andrew Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans (after a peace treaty was drawn up ending the war)
The War of 1812
In 1814, the British took the offensive in a 3-pronged attack
British were turned back at Plattsburg on Lake Champlain & gave up their Canadian offensive
The British attacked the undefended Chesapeake & burned Washington, DC & laid siege to Baltimore

13. Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland

14. Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland

15. “Battle of New Orleans”—Johnny Horton (1959)
In 1814 we took a little trip Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip. We took a little bacon and we took a little beans And we caught the bloody British in the town of New Orleans. [Chorus:] We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin. There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago. We fired once more and they began to runnin' on Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. We looked down the river and we see'd the British come. And there must have been a hundred of'em beatin' on the drum. They stepped so high and they made the bugles ring. We stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing. [Chorus] Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise If we didn't fire our muskets 'til we looked 'em in the eye We held our fire 'til we see'd their faces well. Then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave 'em ... well

16. Hartford Convention
The War of 1812 is still going on!!
In order to reduce southern control of Congress
Federalists opposed the war by not paying taxes or sending troops
In 1814, Federalists met at the Hartford Convention to discuss altering the U.S. Constitution to:
restrict Congress’ war powers
supported a one-term president
abolish the three-fifths clause
They discussed seceding from the USA if they did not get their way
In order to break the Virginia presidential dynasty 26

17. Spain ceded Florida to the USA
Treaty of Ghent
Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but did not address U.S. neutrality
Effects of the War of 1812:
Ended all Indian-British alliances in western lands
Scared Spain into signing the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819
The lack of Federalist loyalty was the fatal blow to the party
Spain ceded Florida to the USA 27

18. Discussion Questions
To what extent was the War of 1812 a “second American Revolution”?
Which treaty was more significant in U.S. history: Jay’s Treaty (1794) OR the Treaty of Ghent (1814)? Explain
Which president was more successful: John Adams or James Madison? Explain.