1. REAZIONI DI IDENTIFICAZIONE DI ANIONI DI INTERESSE FARMACEUTICO E TOSSICOLOGICO
Cloruri
Bromuri
Ioduri
Solfati
Borati
Nitrati
Fosfati
Ossalati
Carbonati e bicarbonati
Acetati

2. CLORURI CHLORIDES (Eu Ph)
a) Dissolve in 2 ml of water R a quantity of the substance to be examined equivalent to about 2 mg of chloride (Cl–) or use 2 ml of the prescribed solution. Acidify with dilute nitric acid R and add 0.4 ml of silver nitrate solution R1. Shake and allow to stand. A curdled, white precipitate is formed. Centrifuge and wash the precipitate with three quantities, each of 1 ml, of water R. Carry out this operation rapidly in subdued light, disregarding the fact that the supernatant solution may not become perfectly clear. Suspend the precipitate in 2 ml of water R and add 1.5 ml of ammonia R. The precipitate dissolves easily with the possible exception of a few large particles which dissolve slowly.
Cl- + Ag+  AgCl
AgCl + 2NH3  [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl-
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl H+ AgCl + 2NH4+ 
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
HCl, NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, NH4Cl
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Elemento essenziale.

3. BROMURI BROMIDES (Eu Ph)
a) Dissolve in 2 ml of water R a quantity of the substance to be examined equivalent to about 3 mg of bromide (Br–) or use 2 ml of the prescribed solution. Acidify with dilute nitric acid R and add 0.4 ml of silver nitrate solution R1. Shake and allow to stand. A curdled, pale yellow precipitate is formed. Centrifuge and wash the precipitate with three quantities, each of 1 ml, of water R. Carry out this operation rapidly in subdued light disregarding the fact that the supernatant solution may not become perfectly clear. Suspend the precipitate obtained in 2 ml of water R and add 1.5 ml of ammonia R. The precipitate dissolves with difficulty.
Br Ag+  AgBr
AgBr + 2NH3  [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Br -
Acqua di cloro
2Br - + Cl2  Br2 + 2Cl - (colora di giallo CHCl3)
Acido solforico conc.
2Br - + SO H+  Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
KBr, NaBr, NH4Br
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Elemento microessenziale. 3

4. IODURI
IODIDES (Eu Ph)
Dissolve a quantity of the substance to be examined equivalent to about 4 mg of iodide (I–) in 2 ml of water R or use 2 ml of the prescribed solution. Acidify with dilute nitric acid R and add 0.4 ml of silver nitrate solution R1. Shake and allow to stand. A curdled, pale-yellow precipitate is formed. Centrifuge and wash with three quantities, each of 1 ml, of water R. Carry out this operation rapidly in subdued light disregarding the fact that the supernatant solution may not become perfectly clear. Suspend the precipitate in 2 ml of water R and add 1.5 ml of ammonia R. The precipitate does not dissolve.
I- + Ag+  AgI
b) To 0.2 ml of a solution of the substance to be examined containing about 5 mg of iodide (I–) per millilitre, or to 0.2 ml of the prescribed solution, add 0.5 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R, 0.1 ml of potassium dichromate solution R, 2 ml of water R and 2 ml of chloroform R. Shake for a few seconds and allow to stand. The chloroform layer is coloured violet or violet-red.
6I + Cr2O72 + 14H+  2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H2O
Acqua di cloro
2I Cl2  2Cl I2 (colora di viola CHCl3) 4

5. 2I Cl2  2Cl I2
I Cl H2O  2 IO Cl H+
Acido solforico conc.
2 I- + SO H+  I2 + SO2 + 2H2O
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
KI, NaI, I2
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Elemento oligoessenziale.

6. IO3- / I2 = 1,19
BrO3- / Br2 = 1,52

7. SOLFATI SULPHATES (Eu Ph)
a) Dissolve about 45 mg of the substance to be examined in 5 ml of water R or use 5 ml of the prescribed solution. Add 1 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R and 1 ml of barium chloride solution R1. A white precipitate is formed.
Ba SO4 2-  BaSO4
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
Na2SO4.10H2O, MgSO4.7 H2O, CuSO4, BaSO4, ZnSO4 7

8. BORATI Borax Na2B4O7,10H2O Mr 381.4[1303-96-4] DEFINITION
Disodium tetraborate decahydrate.
Content: 99.0 per cent to 103.0 per cent of Na2B4O7,10H2O.
CHARACTERS
Appearance: white ►or almost white◄, crystalline powder, colourless crystals or crystalline masses, efflorescent.
Solubility: soluble in water, very soluble in boiling water, freely soluble in glycerol.
IDENTIFICATION
A. To 1 ml of solution S (see Tests) add 0.1 ml of sulphuric acid R and 5 ml of methanol R and ignite. The flame has a green border.
3CH3OH + H3BO3  3 H2O + B(OCH3)3 8

9. Curcumina
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
H3BO3, Na2B4O7.10H2O, NaBO3
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Elemento traccia-essenziale.

10. NITRATI a) Via umida b) Via secca Solfato ferroso soluzione satura
NO Fe H+  3Fe NO + 2H2O
Fe NO + SO42-  [Fe(NO)]SO4
b) Via secca
Lega di Devarda (45% Al, 5% Zn, 50% Cu)
NO Zn + 7OH H2O  NH [Zn(OH)4]2-
3NO Al + 5OH H2O  3NH [Al(OH)4]-
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
KNO3 10

11. FOSFATI PHOSPHATES (ORTHOPHOSPHATES) (Eu Ph)
To 5 ml of the prescribed solution, neutralised if necessary, add 5 ml of silver nitrate solution R1. A yellow precipitate is formed whose colour is not changed by boiling and which dissolves on addition of ammonia R.
3 Ag+ + PO43-  Ag3PO4
b) Mix 1 ml of the prescribed solution with 2 ml of molybdovanadic reagent R. A yellow colour develops.
 Reattivo molibdico
3NH MoO PO H+  (NH4)3PO4.12MoO H2O
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
NaH2PO4.2H2O, CaHPO4, KH2PO4
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Elemento essenziale. 11

12. OSSALATI Argento nitrato 2 Ag+ + C2O4 2- Ag2C2O4 Calcio cloruro
Calcio cloruro
C2O Ca2+  CaC2O4
2 MnO H2C2O H+  2 Mn CO H2O
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Sequestra ioni calcio. 12

13. CARBONATI e BICARBONATI
CARBONATES AND BICARBONATES (Eu Ph)
Introduce into a test-tube 0.1 g of the substance to be examined and suspend in 2 ml of water R or use 2 ml of the prescribed solution. Add 3 ml of dilute acetic acid R. Close the tube immediately using a stopper fitted with a glass tube bent twice at right angles. The solution or the suspension becomes effervescent and gives off a colourless and odourless gas. Heat gently and collect the gas in 5 ml of barium hydroxide solution R. A white precipitate is formed that dissolves on addition of an excess of hydrochloric acid R1.
CO H+  CO2 + H2O
CO2 + Ba OH-  BaCO3 + H2O
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
CO2, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, CaCO3, MgCO3, K2CO3, KHCO3
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Antiacido gastrico
HCO3- /H2CO3: sistema tampone dell’organismo 13

14. ACETATI ACETATES (Eu Ph)
a) Heat the substance to be examined with an equal quantity of oxalic acid R. Acid vapours with the characteristic odour of acetic acid are liberated, showing an acid reaction (2.2.4).
2CH3COOK + H2C2O4  2CH3COOH + K2C2O4
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
Acido acetico, Mg-acetato, Na-acetato, K-acetato, Ca-acetato 14