1. PURSE SEINE
A large net encloses a school of fish. A line enables the crew to close the bottom of the net (like a purse). Target species
include Tuna, sardines, herring, and mackerel.

2. TRAWLS AND DRAGGING In some cases nets with chain mesh
bottoms are
dragged through
sediment (for
scallops, etc.)
Different types of nets are dragged behind a ship to fish in the midwater (for schools of small fish such as anchovies) and along the bottom (for bottom
dwelling fish (e.g. cod, halibut

3. LONG LINES (LONGLINING
A central fishing line plus smaller lines are strung with thousands of baited hooks extending
distances up to 50 miles (80 kilometers)! Used to catch fish near surface (swordfish, tuna) or
near the ocean bottom (cod, halibut) .
Other methods include harpooning which may be hand held or fired; pole and lure – each fisher
has a pole and fishes separately
In trawling a boat with long rods moves through the water with different baits and lures.

4. TRAPS AND POTS
Baited cages usually attached to a line are used to trap the catch and keep it alive until the
fisher returns after several days. (notice “fisher” here and “fish” refer not just to the biological
category fish – a vertebrate, but to many invertebrates that live in the ocean). The traps are
used for lobsters, crabs and shrimp (arthropods) as well as some bottom dwelling fish.

5. It was not the ENSO alone that caused the demise of the anchovies.
Maximum sustainable yield:
The greatest catch of a species that will ensure the long term viability of the species.
Recruitment overfishing:
Recruitment overfishing occurs when the mature adult population (spawning biomass) is depleted to a level where it no
longer has the reproductive capacity to replenish itself—there are not enough adults to produce offspring. Studies show that within 15 years of a new fishery opening about 80% of the largest fish are taken.
Growth overfishing:
Growth overfishing occurs when fish are taken too small, before the fish have grown to a size that produce the maximum yield. This reduces the value of the catch since if the fish were to grow, the individual fish would weigh more and bring a higher price in the market.
Overfishing occurs when many fishermen become attracted to the same new fishing industry. As a result many people move in to take the fish. The numbers start to decline. Best option: stop fishing for that fish. Does it happen? No.
Do fishermen understand these problems?
Yes, but they have families to feed and bills to pay. Often they have taken out loans for boats and equipment.

6. SOME FISHING INDUSTRIES THAT HAVE COLLAPSED
Whaling
(World wide)
Anchovies
(Peru)
Cod Fish
(New England,
Canada)
Blue Crab
(Chesapeake Bay)
Blue Whale
William Lloyd “tragedy of the commons”. No single fisherman owns a defined part of the fishery. Instead it belongs to society as a whole res nullus a common resource. Therefore an unequal disposition of rewards and punishments. An individual fisherman who continues to fish knowing the population is declining still receives rewards for catching the fish. Negative result – smaller population to be fished in the future. So idea is “keep fishing” and industry collapses. With land consider Plymouth and everyone gets rewarded.
Pollack and Mackeral overfished. They are food for sea lions (down 79%). Sea lions are food for killer whales now turning to the endangered. sea otters as food
North Atlantic Right Whale

7. Cascading Problems Pollock and Mackerel (North Pacific)
As pollock and Mackerel were overfished, the seals which ate them died off
Typically mackerel grow 1 to 2 feet
Pollock grows typically 12 to 20 inches and up to 3 feet
These are the favorite food of steller sea lions, whose population dropped with the
overfishing of their food

8. Seals are the favorite food of Orcas – the killer whale
With not enough sea lions around to eat, they turned to the sea otters, an endangered species
as food!
Sea otters had been earlier threatened by hunters who liked their pelts. Sea otters like sea urchins, and keep them under control, otherwise they destroy the kelp forests, which are the urchins’ favorite food!
Kelp is home to many animals.

9. Restoration of a Stock
How small has the stock become?
What is the age of maturation?
How long is the time from fertilization to birth?
How many offspring are there from a single mother?
What is the survival rate of offspring?
What factors impact mating choices?
What other factors affect the mating and embryology?
How does this affect you ideas about the Loch Ness monster?
How large a breeding population would you need?
How many different “Nessies” have been seen?
How long have there been reports of the “monster”?
Are there answers to the first set of questions is asked about
breeding population of “Nessies” in the Loch?

10. H&G Horticulture
Agriculture (civilized)
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| |/ Horticulture (barbarians)
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| /Hunting and gathering (savagery)

11. Science (Manipulation)|
Religion (Supplication)
Magic (Manipulation)

12. Science (Manipulation)|
Religion (Supplication)
Magic (Manipulation)
Social
 Evolutionist
Approach
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| \ / | | \ / | | MAGIC \ SCIENCE / RELIGION | | \ / | | \ / | | \ / | |____________________\______/__________________|
Malinowski
 Functionalist
Approach

13. Mark V Diving Helmet

16. Map showing the
location of some
of the indigenous
peoples of the
Northwest Coast of
Canada and the
United States.
These peoples are
known for their
elaborate art work
especially in carving.
They are probably
best known for their
“totem” poles.

17. Canoes from the
Northwest Coast

20. Some figures on
Viking ships

21. Figureheads showing
Poseidon/Neptune,
god of the ocean and
other sea spirits

22. Images of women as figureheads

23. Jonah is released from the “Great Fish”

26. The Flying Dutchman – often described as being a black ship with red sails,
colors often associated with Satanism!

27. This is part of Chilote mythology
This is part of Chilote mythology. Chilote refers to people who live on Chiloé Archipelago off the southern tip of Chile.
A strongly maritime culture, there is a rich mythology about the sea. The mythology is very syncretic mixing indigenous stories with those of the conquistadores.
This ship is thought to be both conscious and
sentient. There are many versions of the story
But most deal with people who drowned at sea being on board as guests at a party or serving as crew members

29. The Mary Celeste

30. Manatees were mistaken for

31. MERMAIDS????!?!?!?

32.  Centaur – half horse, half human
A satyr – maybe Pan
Half goat, half human
Theseus kills the Minotaur
A half bull half human creature