1. Project 1.2.3: Student Data Sheet

2. SEX DETERMINATION
The most valuable bones in sex determination are the pelvis and the skull, although the femur, tibia and the humerus provide unique measurements that often assist in determining identity. Once you have determined your result for each trait, circle or highlight male or female on the data sheet.

3. Pelvis (sex)
Trait
Result
Female
Male
Sub-Pubic Angle
> 90°
90°

4. Pelvis (sex) Trait Result Female Male Pubis Body Width ~ 40 mm
~ 40 mm
25-30 mm

5. Pelvis (sex) Trait Result Female Male Greater Sciatic Notch > 68°
> 68°
< 68°

6. Pelvis (sex) Sacrum Coccyx Male Female Trait Result Female Male
Pelvic Cavity Shape
Circular and wide, showing mainly coccyx
Heart-shaped, showing sacrum and coccyx
Sacrum
Coccyx
Male Female

7. Skull (sex) Square Round Trait Result Female Male
Upper Edge of Eye Orbit
Sharp
Blunt
Shape of Eye Orbit
Round
Square
Square
Round

8. Skull (sex) External auditory meatus Trait Result Female Male
Zygomatic Process
Not expressed beyond external auditory meatus
Expressed beyond external auditory meatus
External
auditory
meatus

9. Skull (sex) Crest May need to compare to other Trait Result Female
Nuchal Crest (Occipital Bone)
Smooth
Rough and Bumpy
External Occipital Protuberance
Generally absent
Generally Present
Crest
May need to compare to other

10. Skull (sex) Frontal Trait Result Female Male Frontal Bone
Round, globular
Low, slanting
Frontal

11. Skull (sex) Ramus Mandible Trait Result Female Male Mandible Shape
Rounded, V-shaped
Square, U-shaped
Ramus of Mandible
Slanting
Straight
Ramus
Mandible

12. Femur (sex) (If available)
Trait
Result
Female
Indeterminate Sex
Male
Vertical (maximum) Diameter of Femoral Head
(mm)
< 43.5
> 44.5
Bicondylar Width (mm)
<74
74- 76
>76
Maximum Length (mm)
<405
>430
Femur Head
Bicondylar

13. Tibia (sex) (If available)
Measurement
Result
Average Female
Average Male
Maximum Epiphyseal Breadth of Proximal Tibia (mm)
70.26
79.40
Maximum Epiphyseal Breadth of Distal Tibia (cm)
46.31
52.48
Proximal
Distal

14. Humerus (sex) Vertical Transverse Epicondylar Trait Result
Average Female
Average Male
Transverse Diameter of Humeral Head
(mm)
Vertical Diameter of Humeral Head
42.7
48.8
Maximum Length (mm)
305.9
339.0
Epicondylar Width (mm)
56.8
63.9
Vertical
Transverse
Epicondylar

15. FINAL SEX DETERMINATION
________________________________________________

16. RACE DETERMINATION
Forensic anthropologists generally use a three-race model to characterize skeletal remains: White (European), Asian and Black (African). The skull is often the most valuable bone in tracing origins, and various measurements around the face reveal information about ancestry and heritage.

17. Skull (race) Nasal width: _______ mm Nasal height: _______ mm Height
Nasal height: _______ mm
Height
Width
Use caliper to measure

18. Nasal silling/Guttering
Skull(race)
Trait
Result
White
Asian
Black
Nasal Index
< .48
> .53
Nasal Spine
Prominent spine
Somewhat prominent spine
Very small spine
Nasal silling/Guttering
Sharp ridge (silling)
Rounded ridge
No ridge (guttering)
Nasal Index= width mm / height mm
Nasal spine= hold pencil at base of nose and see how smoothly you can raise it up
Nasal silling= Feel base on nasal cavity to see if it is sharp, rounded, or no ridge

19. Skull (race)
Trait
Result
White
Asian
Black
Prognathism
Straight
Variable
Prognathic
Shape of the Orbital Openings
Rounded, somewhat square
Rounded, somewhat circular
Rectangular
Prognathism= jaw thrust out. To test, hold pencil vertically at the nasal spine
and point down to chin, does it go straight down , at a slight angle, or does it
angel too far out.
See previous results of orbital opening.

20. Skull (race)
Use the three skull photographs found at station #5 to calculate the nasal index for each racial group. Compare these values to those listed above and if needed, describe what could account for any inconsistencies.
White skull:
Nasal width ______ mm ÷ Nasal height ______ mm = Nasal index _______
Asian skull:
Black skull:

21. Femur (race) White- fingers can fit under the curvature of the femur
Black- fingers cannot fit under the curvature of the femur
Lay femur on table so that the lesser trochanter forms an arch.
Now lay palm of hand flat on table and see if your finger can slide under arch.

22. FINAL RACE DETERMINATION ____________________________
FINAL RACE DETERMINATION
____________________________

23. HEIGHT DETERMINATION
The height of the individual is most often determined by examining the long bones, such as the femur, tibia, or humerus. The accuracy of these calculations is improved if two or more bones are used. Forensic anthropologists have compared bone length to height and have calculated formulas that describe this relationship (broken down by racial group and by gender). Using information you have gathered about the gender and ethnicity of the skeleton, choose the appropriate equations and calculate a possible height range. As there is no listed formula for using the maximum length of the femur to estimate height in an Asian female, use only the equation listed for the other available bone.

24. Femur (height) (If available)
Maximum Length of the Femur (MLF) _______ mm = _______ cm
Male
Female
Regression Formula
Height Range (cm)
Caucasoid (White)
2.32 (MLF) ± 3.94
2.47 (MLF) ± 3.72
Mongoloid (Asian)
2.15 (MLF) ± 3.80
Formula not available
Negroid (Black)
2.10 (MLF) ± 3.91
2.28 (MLF) ± 3.41

25. Tibia (height) (If available)
Maximum Length of Tibia (MLT) _______ mm = _________ cm
Male
Female
Regression Formula
Height Range (cm)
Caucasoid (White)
2.42 (MLT) ± 4.00
2.90 (MLT) ± 3.66
Mongoloid (Asian)
2.39 (MLT) ± 3.27
2.68 (MLT) ± 3.68
Negroid (Black)
2.19 (MLT) ± 3.91
2.45 (MLT) ± 3.70

26. Humerus (height)
Maximum Length of the Humerus (MLH) _______ mm = _______ cm
Male
Female
Regression Formula
Height Range (cm)
Caucasoid (White)
2.89 (MLH) ± 4.57
3.36 (MLH) ± 4.45
Mongoloid (Asian)
2.68 (MLH) ± 4.16
3.22 (MLH) ± 4.35
Negroid (Black)
2.88 (MLH) ± 4.23
3.08 (MLH) ± 4.25

27. FINAL HEIGHT DETERMINATION
To determine the probable height range of the individual, refer to the height tables you filled in above and record the minimum and maximum value of the calculated height ranges in the space below. Convert each value to feet and inches and show the final height range.
Minimum value = __________ cm ÷ 2.54 = _______ inches = ____ feet _____ inches
Maximum value = __________ cm ÷ 2.54 = _______ inches = ____ feet _____ inches

28. AGE DETERMINATION
Make sure to refer to the photograph of the pelvic bones while completing your analysis. Remember, you are looking for landmarks that occur as a human ages. At birth, humans have about 405 bones. These bones will eventually fuse and form the 206 bones we see in an adult skeleton

29. Developmental Occurrence
Pelvis (age)
Developmental Occurrence
Approximate Age
The pubis bone and the ischium are almost completely united by bone. (Figure 6)
7 - 8
The illium, ishium, and pubis bones are joined together. (Figure 6)
13 -14
The two lowest segments of the sacral vertebrate become joined together. (Figure 8) 18
The illium, ischium, and pubis bones become fully ossified with no evidence of epiphyseal unions (indicated by cartilaginous lines).
20-25
All segments of the sacrum are united with no evidence of epiphyseal unions.
25-30

30. Femur (age) (If available)
Developmental Occurrence
Approximate Age
The greater trochanter first appears. 4
The lesser trochanter first appears.
13 -14
The head, greater trochanter, and lesser trochanter first join the shaft. 18
The condyles first join the shaft. 20

31. Tibia (age) (If available)
Developmental Occurrence
Approximate Age
The lower epiphysis joins the shaft 18
The upper epiphysis joins the shaft 20

32. Developmental Occurrence
Humerus (age)
Developmental Occurrence
Approximate Age
The head and the tuberosities join to become a single large epiphysis. 6
The radial head, trochlea, and external condyle blend and unite with the shaft.
16-17
The internal condyle unites with the shaft. 18
The upper epiphysis unites with the shaft. 20

33. Final Ending= Find your missing person
FINAL MINIMUM AGE DETERMINATION (range) ______________ years