1. The Rock Cycle

2. Processes that drive the rock cycle:
The Rock Cycle: the process that makes new rock from old rock material; changes rock from one type to another
A rock is a naturally occurring mixture of crystals of one or more minerals.
Processes that drive the rock cycle:
Weathering, erosion, & deposition
Heat & pressure: increased temp. & squeezing

3. Processes that drive the Rock Cycle
Weathering, erosion, & deposition
Weathering: Breaking down of rock by wind, rain, ice, water, & heat
Erosion: transport of rock
Deposition: dropping off rock, soil, dead animals
Heat & pressure: increased temp. & squeezing

4. Weathering: Breaking down of rock by wind, rain, ice, water, & heat (see an example of ice in action below)

5. Weathering

6. Erosion

7. Erosion & Deposition
Large rock being moved by an Alpine glacier. The figure on the right is almost 6 feet tall

8. Weathering, erosion, & finally deposition

9. The Rock Cycle

10. Weathering & erosion
Interactive rock cycle

12. Three types of rocks: Sedimentary:
formed from deposits by compaction & cementation; can be formed by any type of rock exposed at the surface of the Earth
Example: limestone

13. Sedimentary Rock
After any type of rock is exposed on top of the Earth & undergoes weathering, the materials are eroded & deposited.
This forms sed. rock through cementation and compaction of soil, rock, dead animals, etc. (lithification)
Remains of plants and animals become trapped in the layers and over long periods of time become fossils.
Thus, sed. rock is nicknamed fossil rock.

14. Compaction and Cementation
Over time these grains and pieces of rock are compacted and cemented together in layers.
The compaction and cementation occurs when sediment is squeezed by the weight of the sediment layers above it.
Each layer may be different from the next layer depending on the type of sediment that is deposited.
Fossils are often found in sedimentary rock.

16. Igneous Rock Igneous: rocks formed from the cooling of magma
Two types: extrusive (think exit) &
intrusive (think inside)
Example: pumice

17. Igneous Rock: Greek word for fire
form from hot molten rock (magma)
Melting occurs deep in the Earth near active plate boundaries or hot spots, then rises toward the surface.
Two groups:
intrusive or extrusive, depending upon where the molten rock solidifies

18. Extrusive Igneous Rock
Produced when magma exits and cools outside of or very near the Earth's surface
Form at erupting volcanoes
The magma cools and solidifies almost instantly when it is exposed to the cool temperature of the atmosphere.
Cooling time determines the type of rock that forms .
Pumice-cooled quickly
Obsidian-cooled slowly

19. Black Sand Beach: Hawaii
One of nature's rarest wonders stretches across the island of Hawaii's shores — the black-sand beach of Punalu'u. This magnificent beach formed when lava from two of the world's most active volcanoes, Mauna Loa and Kilauea, spilled into the ocean and quickly cooled, breaking into minuscule pieces that now comprise the "sand."

20. Intrusive Igneous Rock
Intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rock forms when magma is trapped deep inside the Earth.
Great globs of molten rock rise toward the surface. Some of the magma may feed volcanoes on the Earth's surface, but most remains trapped below, where it cools very slowly over many thousands or millions of years until it solidifies.
Intrusive igneous rock can be pushed to the surface by plate movement.
Granite

21. Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphic: sedimentary rock that gets changed by heat & pressure as earth’s crust is recycled
Examples: slate & marble

22. Metamorphic Rock: rocks that have changed/morphed
Once igneous or sedimentary rocks
How do sedimentary and igneous rocks change?
When large pieces of crust collide, rock is forced downward.
Heat and pressure squeeze the sedimentary or igneous rock and change it into metamorphic rock.

23. Metamorphic Rocks
Limestone, a sedimentary rock, is changed by heat and pressure into marble. Marble is used to make statues and countertops.
Shale, a sedimentary rock, is changed by heat and pressure into slate
Limestone
shale
slate
Marble

24. Rock Cycle Song (Sing to the tune of "Row, Row, Row Your Boat")
SEDIMENTARY rock Has been formed in layers Often found near water sources With fossils from decayers
Then there's IGNEOUS rock Here since Earth was born Molten Lava, cooled and hardened That's how it is formed
These two types of rocks Can also be transformed With pressure, heat and chemicals METAMORPHIC they'll become.