2. Inner Membrane Folded into cristae.
Amount of folding depends on the level of cell activity.
Contains many enzymes.
ATP generated here.

3. Function Cell Respiration - the release of energy from food.
Major location of ATP generation.
“Powerhouse” of the cell.

4. Mitochondria Have ribosomes (small size). Have their own DNA.
Can reproduce themselves.
May have been independent cells at one time.

5. Chloroplasts Structure - two outer membranes.
Complex internal membrane.
Fluid-like stroma is around the internal membranes.

7. Inner or Thylakoid Membranes
Arranged into flattened sacs called thylakoids.
Some regions stacked into layers called grana.
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.

8. Function
Photosynthesis - the use of light energy to make food.

9. Chloroplasts Contain ribosomes (small size). Contain DNA.
Can reproduce themselves.
Often contain starch.
May have been independent cells at one time.

10. Plastids Group of plant organelles. Structure - single membrane.
Function - store various materials.

11. Examples Amyloplasts/ Leucoplasts - store starch.
Chromoplasts - store hydrophobic plant pigments such as carotene.

12. Ergastic Materials
General term for other substances produced or stored by plant cells.
Examples:
Crystals
Tannins
Latex
Resins

13. Cytoskeleton
Network of rods and filaments in the cytoplasm.

15. Functions Cell structure and shape. Cell movement.
Cell division - helps build cell walls and move the chromosomes apart.

16. Components
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments

18. Microtubules
Structure - small hollow tubes made of repeating units of a protein dimer.
Size - 25 nm diameter with a 15 nm lumen. Can be 200 nm to 25 mm in length.

19. Tubulin
Protein in microtubules.
Dimer - a and b tubulin.

20. Microtubules Regulate cell shape.
Coordinate direction of cellulose fibers in cell wall formation.
Tracks for motor molecules.

22. Microtubules Form cilia and flagella. Internal cellular movement.
Make up centioles, basal bodies and spindle fibers.

23. Cilia and Flagella Cilia - short, but numerous.
Flagella - long, but few.
Function - to move cells or to sweep materials past a cell.

25. Cilia and Flagella
Structure arrangement of microtubules, covered by the cell membrane.
Dynein - motor protein that connects the tubules.

28. Dynein Protein A contractile protein. Uses ATP.
Creates a twisting motion between the microtubules causing the structure to bend or move.

31. Centrioles Usually one pair per cell, located close to the nucleus.
Found in animal cells.
9 sets of triplet microtubules.
Help in cell division.

32. Basal Bodies
Same structure as a centriole.
Anchor cilia and flagella.

33. Basal Body

34. Microfilaments 5 to 7 nm in diameter.
Structure - two intertwined strands of actin protein.

37. Microfilaments are stained green.

38. Functions Muscle contraction. Cytoplasmic streaming. Pseudopodia.
Cleavage furrow formation.
Maintenance and changes in cell shape.

40. Intermediate Filaments
Fibrous proteins that are super coiled into thicker cables and filaments nm in diameter.
Made from several different types of protein.

42. Functions
Maintenance of cell shape.
Hold organelles in place.

43. Cytoskeleton
Very dynamic; changing in composition and shape frequently.
Cell is not just a "bag" of cytoplasm within a cell membrane.

44. Cell Wall Nonliving jacket that surrounds some cells. Found in: Plants
Prokaryotes
Fungi
Some Protists

45. Plant Cell Walls All plant cells have a Primary Cell Wall.
Some cells will develop a Secondary Cell Wall.

47. Primary Wall Thin and flexible.
Cellulose fibers placed at right angles to expansion.
Placement of fibers guided by microtubules.

48. Secondary Wall Thick and rigid.
Added between the cell membrane and the primary cell wall in laminated layers.
May cover only part of the cell; giving spirals.
Makes up "wood”.

49. Middle Lamella
Thin layer rich in pectin found between adjacent plant cells.
Glues cells together.

50. Cell Walls
May be made of other types of polysaccharides and/or silica.
Function as the cell's exoskeleton for support and protection.

51. Extracellular Matrix - ECM
Fuzzy coat on animal cells.
Helps glue cells together.
Made of glycoproteins and collagen.
Evidence suggests ECM is involved with cell behavior and cell communication.

53. Intercellular Juctions
Plants-Plasmodesmata

54. Plasmodesmata Channels between cells through adjacent cell walls.
Allows communication between cells.
Also allows viruses to travel rapidly between cells.

55. Intercellular Juctions
Animals:
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

57. Tight Junctions Very tight fusion of the membranes of adjacent cells.
Seals off areas between the cells.
Prevents movement of materials around cells.

59. Desmosomes Bundles of filaments which anchor junctions between cells.
Does not close off the area between adjacent cells.
Coordination of movement between groups of cells.

61. Gap Junctions Open channels between cells, similar to plasmodesmata.
Allows “communication” between cells.

63. Summary
Answer: Why is Life cellular and what are the factors that affect cell size?
Be able to identify cellular parts, their structure, and their functions.

64. Cell Animation Link
You may need to replay this several times to catch all of the parts.