1. Overview of Organisms

2. Study of plants: Botany
Plant Kingdom
Study of plants: Botany
Plants are divided into divisions instead of phyla
Plant Kingdom
Vascular
Non-Vascular
Spore Bearing
Spore-Bearing
Seed-Bearing

3. Alternating Life Cycle
All plants have a life cycle that involves 2 phases
1st phase consists of a diploid (2n) sporophyte plant that produces spores
2nd phase consists of a haploid (n) gametophyte plant that produces eggs and sperm

4. Alternation of generations – alternates between the gametophyte phase and sporophyte phase

5. Nonvascular Plant Life Cycle

6. In nonvascular plants, the gametophyte is the dominant phase
sporophyte
gametophyte

7. Vascular Plant Life Cycle

8. In vascular plants, the sporophyte is the dominant phase
gametophyte

9. Non-Vascular Plants
called Bryophytes
most primitive plants
includes mosses, hornworts and liverworts
no connective tissue (leaves, stems, or roots)

10. Vascular Plants
called Tracheophytes
have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
have true roots, stems, and leaves
two types: seedless and seed

11. Vascular tissue – a type of tissue that transports water and dissolved substances from one part of the plant to another

12. Two types of Vascular Tissue:
1. Xylem – carries water and inorganic nutrients
moves in one way direction
moves from roots to the stem and leaves

13. 2. Phloem – carries organic compounds (carbohydrates) and some inorganic nutrients
carries “food” in any direction depending on the plant’s needs

14. Vascular Seed Plants
Two main groups:
1. Gymnosperms – naked seeds
seed are not enclosed and protected in fruits
most are evergreen
most bear their seeds in cones

15. 2. Angiosperms – flowering plants
produce seeds that are enclosed and protected in fruits

16. Coniferophyta
ex. Conifers (pine, cedar, redwood, fir, spruce, juniper, and cypress)
most widespread of all gymnosperms
most have needle leaves

17. Anthophyta
ex. Angiosperms – flowering plants
largest phylum of plants
dominant vegetation today

18. Flowering plants are divided into two classes:
1. Monocotyledons – one cotyledon (seed leaf)
parallel venation of leaves

19. vascular bundles are scattered

20. flower parts in 3’s

21. 2. Dicotyledons – 2 cotyledons
net venation on leaves

22. vascular bundles in a ring

23. flower parts in 4’s or 5’s

24. Plant body has four organs:
1. Root – anchors plant, absorbs water and minerals, stores food

25. 2. Stem – conducts water and minerals to leaves, displays leaves to light, conducts food to roots, stores food

26. 3. Leaf – photosynthesizes food

27. 4. Flower - reproduction
flowers are modified leaves

28. Flower Parts
Sepal – outer, green, leaf-like part which was bud covered
Calyx – ring of sepals

29. Corolla – ring of petals

30. Stamen – male structure of filament and anther which produce pollen

31. Pistil – female structure consisting of the following:
Stigma – sticky tip
Style – slender neck leading to the ovary
Ovary – base containing ovules

32. Overview of the Invertebrates

33. Invertebrates – animals that do not have a backbone or vertebral column
97% of all animal species
multicellular
eukaryotic
heterotrophic

35. Phylum Porifera Common name: Sponges Porifera means “pore bearing”
Habitat: aquatic
(live in water)
mostly marine (salt water)

36. Locomotion: adult sponges are
sessile
permanently attached by its base
Feeding: sponges are filter feeders
because they are sessile
Symmetry: asymmetrical

38. Phylum Cnidaria

39. Common Names:
jellyfish,
coral,
sea anemones

40. Habitat: marine
Symmetry: radial
Protection: nematocysts
stinging cells

42. The “Worm” Phyla Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Flatworms
Roundworms
Segmented Worms

43. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Common Name: flatworms
ex. planaria,
tapeworms,
and flukes

44. Feeding: scavengers and parasites
Reproduction: most are hermaphroditic (both sets of sex organs)
some can regenerate
Symmetry: bilateral

45. Phylum Nematoda
Common Name: round worms
ex. hookworms and pinworms

46. Habitat: soil, animals and water
both free living and parasitic
Symmetry: bilateral
Body: round with openings on both ends (complete digestive system)

47. Phylum Annelida Common Name: segmented worms
ex. earthworms and leeches

48. Symmetry: bilateral
Habitat: everywhere except extreme cold and dry

49. Phylum Mollusca
Common Name: mollusks
ex. snails, clams, and octopus

50. Symmetry: bilateral, except some snails
The phylum is divided into three diverse classes
Class Gastropoda
Class Bivalvia
Class Cephalopoda

51. Class Gastropoda
most members of this class have a one-piece, external shell or no shell
gastropods include snails and slugs

52. Class Bivalvia
these animals have an external shell that is divided into two halves that are connected by a hinge
bivalves include clams, oysters, and scallops

53. Class Cephalopoda the most advanced group in the phylum
many are complex and have tentacles with suckers
includes octopus and squid

54. Phylum Arthropoda ex. shrimp, crabs, spiders, centipedes, grasshoppers
Common Names: arthropods
ex. shrimp, crabs, spiders, centipedes, grasshoppers

55. Symmetry: bilateral
jointed appendages and jointed body parts
exoskeleton (hard outer covering)

56. Class Crustacea
Lobster, Crab, Crayfish
Body: have fused head and body called a cephalothorax

57. Class Arachnida
spiders, ticks, scorpions
eight jointed appendages

58. Class Insecta
fly, bee, grasshopper
go through a metamorphosis
six jointed legs

59. Complete Metamorphosis
4 stages:
egg
larva
pupa
adult

60. Incomplete Metamorphosis
3 stages:
egg
nymph
adult

61. Phylum Echinodermata Common Names: echinoderms
ex. starfish, sand dollars, and sea urchins
Common Names:

62. Habitat: marine (salt water)
Symmetry: radial
Locomotion: use hydraulic (water powered) tube feet to move
water vascular system

63. Overview of the Vertebrates
animals with backbones
only about 3% of all animal species belong to the vertebrate group

64. 7 Classes of Modern Vertebrates:
1. Class Agnatha
Common name: the jawless fish
ex. lampreys and hagfish

65. 2. Class Chondrichthyes Common name: the cartilage fish
ex. sharks, rays, and skates

66. 3. Class Osteichthyes
Common name: bony fish
ex. perch, tuna, swordfish, bluegill, salmon, etc

67. 4. Class Amphibia
Common name: amphibians
ex. frogs, toads, salamanders, newts

68. first animal to leave the water
must return to water to reproduce

69. 5. Class Reptilia
Common name: reptiles
ex. alligators, lizards, snakes, and turtles

70. first animal to not be tied down to water
produced the amniote egg – the key to their survival

71. 6. Class Aves
Common name: birds
ex. eagle, robin, duck, penguin, ostrich

72. 7. Class Mammalia
Common name: mammals
ex. lion, dog, dolphins, bear, otters, humans

73. Heart Development
The Fishes:
have a two chambered heart
1 atria and 1 ventricle

74. The Amphibians:
have a 2 chambered heart in larva stage
have a 3 chambered heart in adult stage
2 atria and 1 ventricle

75. most have a 3 chambered heart
The Reptiles:
most have a 3 chambered heart
members of the crocodile group have a 4 chambered heart
2 atria and 2 ventricles
incomplete septum

76. The Birds:
have a 4 chambered heart

77. The Mammals:
have a 4 chambered heart

78. Ectothermic: body temperature is determined by the environment
Endothermic: body temperature holds at a constant level