1. Gossypol, a BH3 mimetic, induces apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells
by Kumudha Balakrishnan, William G. Wierda, Michael J. Keating, and Varsha Gandhi
Blood
Volume 112(5):
September 1, 2008
©2008 by American Society of Hematology

2. Gossypol-mediated CLL lymphocyte cell death and effect of caspase inhibitor or an antioxidant.
Gossypol-mediated CLL lymphocyte cell death and effect of caspase inhibitor or an antioxidant. (A) Gossypol induces cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes. CLL primary cells were cultured for 24 hours either (i) alone (control) or (ii) with 30 μM gossypol, and the cell viability was determined by flow cytometry after double staining with FITC-conjugated annexin V and propidium iodide. (iii) Percentage of cell death in CLL primary cells from 9 individual patients treated with gossypol for the indicated times. (iv) CLL primary cells were incubated with 10 and 30 μM gossypol for the indicated times. Cells were lysed and cleavage of PARP was measured by immunoblotting. Actin was used as a loading control. Similar experiments were done in 8 patients, and data from 2 representative patients are shown. (B) Effect of caspase inhibitor on gossypol-induced cell death. CLL primary cells were incubated (i) for 24 hours alone (control), (ii) with Z-VAD.fmk, (iii) with 30 μM gossypol plus Z-VAD.fmk, or (iv) with 30 μM gossypol for 24 hours, and then the cell viability was determined as described in panel A. (v) Percentage of cell death in CLL primary cells from 9 individual patients treated with Z-VAD.fmk and gossypol (C, untreated control; Z, Z-VAD.fmk; Z + G, Z-VAD.fmk plus gossypol; G, gossypol). (C) Effect of antioxidant (NAC) on gossypol (G)–induced cell death. CLL primary cells were incubated (i) for 24 hours alone (control), (ii) with NAC, (iii) with 30 μM gossypol plus NAC, or (iv) with 30 μM gossypol, and then the cell viability was determined as described in panel A. (v) Percentage of cell death in CLL primary cells from 6 individual patients treated with NAC plus gossypol (Con, untreated control).
Kumudha Balakrishnan et al. Blood 2008;112:
©2008 by American Society of Hematology

3. MOMP and effect of caspase inhibitor or an antioxidant on MOMP in gossypol-treated CLL lymphocytes.
MOMP and effect of caspase inhibitor or an antioxidant on MOMP in gossypol-treated CLL lymphocytes. (A) Gossypol induces mitochondrial outer membrane permeabiliztaionn (MOMP) in CLL lymphocytes. (i) Cells were incubated for 24 hours either alone (control) or with 30 μM gossypol, and the MOMP was measured by flow cytometry using a double-staining (TMRM and FITC-conjugated annexin V). (ii) Percentage of MOMP in CLL primary cells from 5 patient samples treated with gossypol. (B) Effect of a caspase inhibitor on gossypol-induced MOMP. CLL cells were incubated for 24 hours alone (C, control), with Z-VAD.fmk (Z), with 30 μM gossypol (G) plus Z, or with gossypol (G), and the MOMP was measured by flow cytometry as described in panel A. Percentages of MOMP in CLL primary cells from 6 patients are provided. (C) Effect of antioxidant (NAC) on gossypol-induced MOMP. CLL cells were incubated for 24 hours alone (C, control), with NAC, with gossypol (G) plus NAC, or with 30 μM gossypol, and then the MOMP was measured as described in panel A. Percentages of MOMP in CLL primary cells from 6 individual patients are provided.
Kumudha Balakrishnan et al. Blood 2008;112:
©2008 by American Society of Hematology

4. Temporal relationship between apoptosis and MOMP in gossypol-treated CLL lymphocytes.
Temporal relationship between apoptosis and MOMP in gossypol-treated CLL lymphocytes. Time-dependent cell death (A) and MOMP (B) were compared in CLL cells from 3 different patients after incubation with 30 μM gossypol at the indicated times. Cell death and MOMP were measured as described in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.
Kumudha Balakrishnan et al. Blood 2008;112:
©2008 by American Society of Hematology

5. Gossypol-mediated superoxide production and effect of caspase inhibitor or antioxidant on superoxide production in CLL lymphocytes.
Gossypol-mediated superoxide production and effect of caspase inhibitor or antioxidant on superoxide production in CLL lymphocytes. (A) Gossypol increases the production of superoxide in CLL lymphocytes. CLL primary cells were incubated for 24 hours either (i) alone or (ii) with 30 μM gossypol for 24 hours, and the superoxide production was measured by flow cytometry using hydroethydine (HEt). (B) Effect of a caspase inhibitor and an antioxidant on gossypol-induced superoxide production. CLL primary cells were incubated for 24 hours (i) alone, (ii) with Z-VAD.fmk, (iii) with NAC, (iv) with 30 μM gossypol plus Z-VAD.fmk, (v) with 30 μM gossypol plus NAC, or (vi) with 30 μM gossypol, and then the superoxide production was measured.
Kumudha Balakrishnan et al. Blood 2008;112:
©2008 by American Society of Hematology

6. Effect of gossypol on the antiapoptotic proteins of Bcl-2 family members.
Effect of gossypol on the antiapoptotic proteins of Bcl-2 family members. CLL primary cells were incubated with 10 μM and 30 μM gossypol for the indicated times. Cells were lysed and immunoblotted using antibodies that recognize Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xl. Actin was used as a loading control. Similar experiments were done in 8 patients; data from 3 representative patients are provided (A-C). In panel C the last lane is spliced from the same gel that was originally loaded on lane 8.
Kumudha Balakrishnan et al. Blood 2008;112:
©2008 by American Society of Hematology

7. Effect of gossypol on release and translocation of proapoptotic proteins.
Effect of gossypol on release and translocation of proapoptotic proteins. (A) Gossypol induces the release of proapoptotic proteins in CLL primary cells. CLL primary cells were treated with 10 μM or 30 μM gossypol for indicated hours, and the expression of cytochrome c (CYTO C), BAX (in mitochondrial BAX, the last 3 lanes were spliced from the same gel which was originally loaded on the first 3 lanes. A vertical line is inserted to indicate a repositioned gel lane, and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) ∼57-kDa (amino acids-1-300) and AIF ∼67-kDa (amino acids ) were analyzed. GAPDH, VDAC, and Histone 1 (cytosolic, mitochondrial, and nuclear loading controls, respectively) were evaluated by immunoblotting in cytosolic (C) and mitochondrial (M) fractions. Similar experiments were done in 5 patients, and the immunoblot from 1 representative patient is provided. (B) Translocation of AIF to the nucleus in gossypol-treated CLL primary cells. CLL primary cells were treated with 10 μM or 30 μM gossypol for 4, 8, and 24 hours, and the expression of AIF (the last lane is spliced from the same gel which was originally loaded on lane 8) was analyzed in the nuclear fraction by immunoblotting. GAPDH, VDAC, and histone 1 (cytosolic, mitochondrial, and nuclear loading controls, respectively) were used as loading controls. (C) CLL primary cells were incubated with 10 μM and 30 μM gossypol for 24 hours, stained with anti-AIF antibody, and then subjected to fluorescent staining with DAPI (nuclear staining, blue) and FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (green), and the images were captured on confocal microscopy.
Kumudha Balakrishnan et al. Blood 2008;112:
©2008 by American Society of Hematology

8. Calpeptin, a calpain inhibitor, partially inhibits AIF release in gossypol-treated CLL primary cells.
Calpeptin, a calpain inhibitor, partially inhibits AIF release in gossypol-treated CLL primary cells. CLL primary cells were either untreated (U) or treated with 30 μM gossypol (G) in the presence and absence of calpeptin (Cp) for 24 hours, and the expression of AIF was evaluated by immunoblotting in the cytosolic (C), mitochondrial (M), and nuclear (N) fractions. Histone 1 (H1) was used as loading control.
Kumudha Balakrishnan et al. Blood 2008;112:
©2008 by American Society of Hematology