3. Sunni & Sh’ia Four “rightly-guided” Caliphs over Islam Abu Bakr Umar
Uthman
Ali – challenged by Aisha, Mu’awiya
Civil War, Ali Assassinated
Ali’s son Hussein martyred in battle
Other son Hassan poisoned

5. Sunni & Shi’a: Theological Differences
No formal clergy
Rely on written tradition, consensus of independent scholars, clerics

6. Sunni & Shi’a: Theological Differences
12 “Imams” descended from founder Ali
12th Imam, Muhammad Al-Mahdi
Claim to Caliphate
Disappeared at 4 yrs old
Sunni claimed he was dead
Shi’a said he was “hidden” & would return

7. Sunni & Shi’a: Theological Differences
Established council of clerics after last “true” Imam descended from Ali died
Focus on current, charismatic leaders who speak with Pope-like infallibility, e.g. Ayatollah Khomeini
Add “Ali is the beloved of Allah” to Shahadah
Different call to prayer, prayer style, put clay from Karbalah on forehead (where Ali killed).

8. Sufi
Suf = wool
Focus on God’s love, mystical experiences, esp. seeing God’s face
Asceticism, poverty
Whirling dervish subsect

9. Sufi

10. Sufi

11. Sufi

12. Sufi

13. Islam Israel & Palestine
61 B.C. Romans occupy Judah
70 1st Revolt
132 2nd Bar-Kokbah Revolt
135 Romans drive most Jews from Rome, name the area Palaestina (“Philistine Syria”)
638 Caliph Umar conquers Jerusalem

14. Islam Israel & Palestine
19th Century - Zionism - Jews move to Israel
200,000 Arabs in Palestine
No national identity
Settlers had mixed views from utopian to exclusionary

15. Islam Israel & Palestine
1917 Balfour Declaration
Britain promises a national homeland to the Jews in Palestine which will not infringe of the rights of the current population in the
1918 WWI ends
Britain and France take control of Middle Eastern colonies of the Ottoman Empire

16. Islam Israel & Palestine
1920 Mandate of Palestine
“Palestine” split at the Jordan river
West of the Jordan (23%) = “Palestine”
a Jewish homeland
East of the Jordan (77%) = “Transjordan”
an Arab homeland (later simply “Jordan”)

18. Islam Israel & Palestine
Periodic Violence over increasing Jewish immigration in Palestine
1939 Under pressure from Arabs, British Govt. Issues White Paper of 1939, which limits Jewish immigration
Jews to immigrate anyway bc of Holocaust
Pressure on Intl Community for Jewish homeland promised in Balfour

19. Islam Israel & Palestine
1947 UN plans another partition of “Palestine” (23% of original territory) into an Arab and Jewish State
Arabs reject the offer, both sides arm for war
1948 Israel Declares Independence
Civil War breaks out
British Troops Evacuate

21. Islam Israel & Palestine
1948 After 6 Weeks of War, the Jews win, truce declared
Expulsions on both sides
k Arab refugees created
Arab countries refuse to take in refugees
1964 Palestinian Liberation Organization created
1967 Surrounding nations attack Israel
Israel wins and takes Gaza and West Bank

22. Islam Israel & Palestine
1983 Islamic Jihad forms and begins terrorist attacks
1987 Hamas (Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine) launches first Intafada - Islamic terror
1993 Oslo Accords - Yassir Arafat offered 97% of Six Day War Territory - West Bank, Gaza, East Jerauslam - walks away and starts 2nd Intafada (terrorist attacks)
Hamas, Islamic Jihad and Arafat’s Al Aqsa Martyr’s Brigade begin suicide bombings

23. Islam Israel & Palestine
2003 Israelis begin building security fence
2004 Hamas wins election over Arafat’s Fatah party after Arafat’s death, renounces suicide bombings, arms smuggling
2005 Israel forces Gaza settlers to leave and gives the land to the Palestinians