1. Global Word Mineral Production Trends
Global Word Mineral Production Trends
Why are some Minerals critical for the
European Union ?
L. Weber 1 & C. Reichl 2, Vienna
1 Vice Chairman IOC World Mining Congress
2 Austrian Federal Ministry for Science, Research and Economy

2. World mining production, by groups of minerals
4,4 %
8,6 %
86,5 %
∆ 2011 / 2012 = +2,02%
∆ 2000 / 2012 = +49,00 %
World mining production by groups of minerals
(without construction minerals, in Mio metr. t)
Source: REICHL, C., SCHATZ, M. & G. ZSAK: WORLD MINING DATA 2014
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

3. World mining production, by continents
5,0 %
5,8 %
6,8 %
14,4 %
9,6 %
58,4 %
World mining production by continents
(without construction minerals, in Mio metr. t)
Source: REICHL, C., SCHATZ, M. & G. ZSAK: WORLD MINING DATA 2014
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

4. Source: REICHL, C., SCHATZ, M. & G. ZSAK: WORLD MINING DATA 2014
World mining production, by economic blocs
World mining production by economic blocks or cartel-like associations:
European Union, BRICS Countries (without construction minerals, in Mio metr. t)
Source: REICHL, C., SCHATZ, M. & G. ZSAK: WORLD MINING DATA 2014
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

5. Source: REICHL, C., SCHATZ, M. & G. ZSAK: WORLD MINING DATA 2014
World mining production, by economic blocs
World mining production by economic blocks or cartel-like associations:
World, Europe,, European Union (without construction minerals, in Mio metr. t)
For comparison only: mining production of the recently formed Eurasian Economic Union
Source: REICHL, C., SCHATZ, M. & G. ZSAK: WORLD MINING DATA 2014
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

6. World mining production, by political stability
World mining production by political stability of the producer countries acc. WGI by World Bank Group
(without construction minerals, in Mi metr. t)
Source: REICHL, C., SCHATZ, M. & G. ZSAK: WORLD MINING DATA 2014
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

7. 20 largest producer countries, by production
China 4,515 Mrd. metr.t ≈ 26,4 % of world mining production
USA 1,999 Mrd. metr.t ≈ 11,7 % of world mining production
China is the world largest producer of 28 mineral commodities: (4 iron- and steel alloying metals, 12 non ferrous metals, 1 precious metals, industrial minerals, 2 energy fuels)
20 largest producer countries 2012 (without construction minerals, in Mio metr. t)
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

8. Source: REICHL, C., SCHATZ, M. & G. ZSAK: WORLD MINING DATA 2014
20 largest producer countries, by value
China 859 Billion US$
USA 547Billion US$
20 largest producer countries 2012 (without construction minerals, in Billion US$)
Source: REICHL, C., SCHATZ, M. & G. ZSAK: WORLD MINING DATA 2014
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

9. Criticality evaluation metholology
Criteria to identify the criticality of minerals:
Economic importance
Supply risk
displayed as xy-diagramm,
and quadrants
Environmental Performance Index
environmental risk index: e.g. shut down due to insufficient environmental measures
critical
Non critical
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

10. Supply risk office@geologie-weber.at SRi supply risk
σi substitutability σi = Σ A is σis (factor 0…1)
ρi recycling rate (factor 0…1;
quotient from used materials/EU-demand)
HHIWGI WGI-weighted Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index
The supply risk rises for political instable countries, showing high rates of world production, low substitutability and low recycling rates of the particular commodity
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

11. 5 enterprises with each 20% market share:
Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index (HHI)
Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index (HHI) is a commonly accepted measure for market concentration, calculated by squaring the market share of each firm competing in the market and then summing the resulting figures. The HHI ranges between 1 and (monopol)
Example: 1 enterprise only (100% market share):
HHI = 1002 =
5 enterprises with each 20% market share:
HHI = = 2.000
HHI: < low market concentration
HHI: 1.000… moderate market concentration
HHI: 2.000… high market concentration
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

12. Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index (HHI)
Example:
High concentration due to
few producer countries only
unbalanced distribution
Source: WORLD MINING DATA 2014
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

13. HHIWGI = Σ (Sic)2 WGIc Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index (HHI)
Since 2008 the HHI is used as a modified HHI(ct) in the annual publication WORLD MINING DATA, published by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy. The modified HHI reflects the country concentrations of a particular mineral commodity. The figures are used by the European Commission for criticality assessment.
HHIWGI = Σ (Sic)2 WGIc
HHIWGI WGI-weighted modified Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index
Sic Share of a country in World production
WGIc World Governance Index (Worldbank)
pol. stability, corruption …
values between -2,5 bis + 2,5
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

14. EIi = 1/GDP Σ AisQs Economic importance office@geologie-weber.at
EIi economic importance of a particular mineral commodity
Ais share of material consumption i of the respective
„End-User Sector“ („Mega-Sector“)
Qs economic importance of the particular sector s, using this mineral commodity, by value
The economic importance is the quotient of the weighted sums of the single megasectores (expressed as the added value) and the European GDP (EUROSTAT data).
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

15. Critical minerals 2010 office@geologie-weber.at
List of „Candidate Materials 2010“ = 41
Aluminium
Antimony
Barytes
Bauxite
Bentonite
Beryllium
Borates
Chromium
Clays (and Kaolin)
Cobalt
Copper
Diatomite
Feldspar
Fluorspar
Gallium
Germanium
Gypsum
Indium
Iron ore
Limestone
(high grade)
Lithium
Magnesite
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Natural Graphite
Nickel
Niobium
Perlite
Platinum Group Metals
Rare Earth Elements
Rhenium
Silica Sand
Silver
Talc
Tantalum
Tellurium
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Zinc

16. Critical minerals 2010 office@geologie-weber.at
List of „Critical Materials 2010“ = 14
Aluminium
Antimony
Barytes
Bauxite
Bentonite
Beryllium
Borates
Chromium
Clays (and Kaolin)
Cobalt
Copper
Diatomite
Feldspar
Fluorspar
Gallium
Germanium
Gypsum
Indium
Iron ore
Limestone
(high grade)
Lithium
Magnesite
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Natural Graphite
Nickel
Niobium
Perlite
Platinum Group Metals
Rare Earth Elements
Rhenium
Silica Sand
Silver
Talc
Tantalum
Tellurium
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Zinc

17. Rare Earth Elements - Heavy Rare Earth Elements - Light
Critical materials 2014
List of „Candidate Materials 2014“ = 54
Aluminium
Antimony
Barytes
Bauxite
Bentonite
Beryllium
Borates
Coking Coal
Chromium
Clays (and Kaolin)
Cobalt
Copper
Diatomite
Feldspar
Fluorspar
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Gypsum
Hafnium
Indium
Iron ore
Limestone
(high grade)
Lithium
Magnesite
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Natural Graphite
Natural Rubber
(Kautschuk)
Nickel
Niobium
Perlite
Phosphate Rock
Platinum Group Metals
Potash
Pulpwood
(Faserholz)
Rare Earth Elements - Heavy
Rare Earth Elements - Light
Rhenium
Sawn Softwood
(Schnittholz)
Scandium
Selenium
Silica Sand
Silicon Metal
Silver
Talc
Tantalum
Tellurium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Zinc
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

18. Rare Earth Elements - Heavy Rare Earth Elements - Light
Critical materials 2014
List of „Critical Materials 2014“ = 20
Aluminium
Antimony
Barytes
Bauxite
Bentonite
Beryllium
Borates
Coking Coal
Chromium
Clays (and Kaolin)
Cobalt
Copper
Diatomite
Feldspar
Fluorspar
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Gypsum
Hafnium
Indium
Iron ore
Limestone
(high grade)
(Lithium)
Magnesite
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Natural Graphite
Natural Rubber
Nickel
Niobium
Perlite
Phosphate Rock
Platinum Group Metals
Potash
Pulpwood
Rare Earth Elements - Heavy
Rare Earth Elements - Light
Rhenium
Sawn Softwood
Scandium
Selenium
Silica Sand
Silicon Metal
Silver
Talc
Tantalum
Tellurium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Zinc
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

19. Critical minerals 2010 kritisch office@geologie-weber.at Supply risk
Economic importance
(Data base 2008)
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

20. Critical materials 2014 critical office@geologie-weber.at Supply risk
(Data base 2011)
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

21. Non energetic minerals
Comparision 2010 / 2014
2010
2014
Number of commodities investigated 41 54
Non energetic minerals
+ biotic materials
Critical minerals / materials 14 20
splitting REE in „heavy“ and „light“ REE and scandium
splitting of silica in „quartzsand“ und „Si-metal“
first assessment of coking coal, gold, hafnium, phosphate, potash, selenium und tin
first assessment of pulp wood, soft wood, natural rubber
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014

22. Further reading… World Mining Data 2014 World Governance Index
World Mining Data 2014
editor: Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy
World Governance Index
editor: World Bank
Report on Critical Raw Materials for the EU
editor: DG Enterprise and Industry
Astana, 12 – 13 June 2014