1. Genitourinary and Renal Emergencies 1
Dr. Maha Al-Sedik

2. Objectives: Anatomy, physiology of the renal system.
Patient Assessment.

3. Anatomy and Physiology

4. The Urinary System Paired kidneys A ureter for each kidney
Urinary bladder
Urethra

5. I am the hero

6. Functions of the kidney
Removal of excess water and electrolytes
Removal of excess toxins and metabolites
Control of RBCs production and blood pressure through production of hormones

7. Main Functions of Urinary System
Removal of nitrogenous wastes from blood eg. urea, uric acid and creatinine.
Produces erythropoietin, which regulates RBC production.
Removal of excess water and electrolytes.

8. Kidneys Located in the retroperitoneal space.
Lateral surface is convex
Medial surface is concave
Hilus is cleft: vessels, ureters and nerves enter and leave
Adrenal glands lie superior to each kidney

12. Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
One fourth of the body’s systemic cardiac output flows through the kidney each minute.

14. Nephrons
In the cortex.
Structural and functional units in the kidney that form urine.
Each kidney in the human contains about 1 million nephrons, each capable of forming urine.
The kidney cannot regenerate new nephrons. Therefore, with renal injury, disease, or normal aging, there is a gradual decrease in nephron number.

15. Each nephron contains :
A tuft of glomerular capillaries called the glomerulus, through which large amounts of fluid are filtered from the blood.
A long tubule in which the filtered fluid is converted into urine on its way to the pelvis of the kidney.

18. The substance is freely filtered but is also partly reabsorbed from the tubules back into the blood.
For each substance in the plasma, a particular combination of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion occurs.
The rate at which the substance is excreted in the urine depends on the relative rates of these three basic renal processes.

19. Most substances that must be cleared from the blood, especially the end products of metabolism such as urea, creatinine, uric acid, and urates, are poorly reabsorbed and are excreted in large amounts in the urine.

20. Filtration
Glomeruli
Reabsorption
Proximal and loop of henle
secretion
Distal tubule

22. The rates at which different substances are excreted in the urine represent the sum of three renal processes,
glomerular filtration,
reabsorption of substances from the renal tubules into the blood
secretion of substances from the blood into the renal tubules.

23. Urinary excretion rate =
Filtration rate - Reabsorption rate + Secretion rate

25. B A D C E F

26. Answer A: proximal tubule. B: Bowman capsule. C: Glomerulus.
D: Distal tubule.
E: Loop of Henle.
F: Collecting duct.

27. Urine
collecting ducts
calyces
renal pelvis
ureters
Urinary bladder

28. Ureters urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
 the ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel 
urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
In the adult, the ureters are usually cm long .

29. Urinary Bladder Collapses when empty Expands when full.
The brain controls the urge to void.
External urinary sphincter remains contracted until conditions are favorable

30. Urethra Part of the lower urinary tract. Expels urine.
Male urethra is divided into three regions.