1. (Latin for ‘knowledge’)
Scientia
(Latin for ‘knowledge’)
What is Science?
Science is a way of knowing based on testable claims supported by…
Observation and Experimentation
empirical evidence
What is NOT Science?
Examples:
Non-science: cannot be verified empirically.
(obs. & exp.)
authority (people),
emotion, religion,
logic, philosophy

2. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it reacts.
What is Chemistry?
matter
The “stuff” in the universe is made
of “building blocks” formed in stars
and stellar processes.
atoms/elements
It covers EVERYTHING! Chemistry is what the universe is made of, and how it acts.
Chemistry is the study of matter and how it reacts.

3. Science Process (How do you do science?)
science is a logical, organized way to solve a scientific problem.
Question
Observe
Hypothesis
Experiment
Theory
(explain)
Which happens first asking questions or making observations? (either)
Which step is the hypothesis? Which step is the experiment? Where is analyzing data? Where is the conclusion? Has the same experiment ever been done again? Why?
(test)
(conclusion, explain)

4. Science Process (How do you do science?)
The purpose of the Question is to narrow the focus of the inquiry, to identify the problem in specific terms.
Almost all scientific inquiry begins with an Observation that piques curiosity or raises a question.
Observation is an essential step in the scientific method. Is everything you observe a fact or REAL?
Trains seem to go faster when they shovel in more coal.

5. Science Process (How do you do science?)
Hypothesis:
a proposed explanation
One imagines that two chunks of coal in train will make it go faster than one chunk of coal. Will it go faster and how much faster (extra question)?

6. Science Process (How do you do science?)
You can test your hypothesis by putting more coal in (two rather than one). If it goes faster, your hypothesis is valid.
Experiment:
test of a hypothesis
Variables (can change)
independent: you change it first. (amount of coal)
dependent: you observe it after. (speed of train)
(it depends on what you changed)
controlled: held constant. (outside temp, atmospheric pressure, and windspeed)
(should/must involve quantifiables)
Three same plants. 1 gets green light, others red and yellow and blue. Same water, food, time in light, etc. Which will grow more in 2 weeks? Answer: red and blue most growth (have right amount of energy to charge chlorophyll electrons to next level)
What is Ind and Dep here? Changed the color light, depend is plant height (measurable)

7. Science Process (How do you do science?)
Once a hypothesis is validated and revised by
repeated experiments, it may become a _____.
Theory:
a well-tested explanation for observations
Theories must be revised to explain
new observations

8. Science Process (How do you do science?)
Scientific Law:
summarizes & describes the results of many observations and experiments
Theories do NOT become laws!
A scientific law doesn’t try to explain.
Law of Gravity vs. Theory of Gravity
states what is explains what is
observed observed
Law of Gravity doesn’t explain it, but summarizes the effects in equations and predictions.
The theory of gravity explains how it probably works.
general relativity, quantum mechanics, etc.
F = G Mm r2

9. Science Process (Summary)
analyze
Observation/Question
Hypothesis
Experiments
Theory
(explains)
retest
revise
Scientific Law
(summarizes / describes)
THEORY
is the strongest form of scientific knowledge
“Fact”: (in science)
observation/event among observers

10. 1. Knowledge would NOT be considered scientific knowledge if…
Quick Quiz!
1. Knowledge would NOT be considered scientific knowledge if…
it’s based on experimental data
it’s theoretical
it’s not observable and testable
it’s easy to understand 10

11. Quick Quiz.
2. Chemistry is the study of ___________ and how it reacts.
anything with mass
anything that takes up space
matter
A, B, and C

12. Quick Quiz.
3. What is one reason to study chemistry?
to pass the test
you need it before driver’s ed
to be the coolest kid in school
to explain the natural world around you

13. information obtained from the senses.
Quick Quiz.
4. What is a hypothesis?
information obtained from the senses.
a proposed explanation for observations.
a thoroughly tested explanation for a broad set of observations.
a concise statement that summarizes the results of many of experiments.
Observation
Theory
Law

14. 5. What are two steps in the process of science?
Quick Quiz.
5. What are two steps in the process of science?
ask questions and make up answers
observe and experiment
ask a question and propose a theory
test a hypothesis and prove it is true
d. can’t prove true, only valid with support or not.

15. Quick Quiz.
6. Which is the strongest form of scientific knowledge?
facts
laws
theories
data
well-tested explanation for observations based on available evidence open to revision with new evidence