1. Lymphatic System

2. The exchange of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid that bathes the cells takes place across the thin walls of the capillaries.

3. As blood proceeds along the capillary:
Blood pressure drops
The capillary becomes hypertonic compared to the surrounding tissue fluids
The resulting osmotic gradient pulls water into the capillary by osmosis near the venule end.

4. About 85% of the fluid that leaves the blood at the arterial end of the capillary bed re-enters from the interstitial fluid at the venous end.
The remaining 15% is eventually returned to the blood by the vessels of the lymphatic system.

6. Fluid enters this system by diffusing into tiny lymph capillaries intermingled among capillaries of the cardiovascular system.
Once inside the lymphatic system, the fluid is called lymph, with a composition similar to the interstitial fluid.
Eventually the lymphatic system drains into the circulatory system near the subclavian veins.

7. Lymph vessels, like veins, have valves that prevent the backflow of fluid toward the capillaries.
Rhythmic contraction of the vessel walls help draw fluid into lymphatic capillaries.
Also like veins, lymph vessels depend mainly on the movement of skeletal muscle to squeeze fluid toward the heart.

8. Along a lymph vessels are organs called lymph nodes.
Inside a lymph node is a honeycomb of connective tissue with spaces filled with leukocytes (WBC) called lymphocytes and macrophages
Lymphocytes and macrophages are specialized for attacking viruses and bacteria.
When the body is fighting an infection, these cells multiply, and the lymph nodes become swollen.

11. In addition to defending against infection and maintaining the volume and protein concentration of the blood, the lymphatic system transports fats from the digestive tract to the circulatory system.

12. Blood

13. Figure 42.14 The composition of mammalian blood
90%
99%
<1%
<1%

14. Figure 42.14x Blood smear
erythrocyte
platelet
leukocytes

15. Figure 42.15 Differentiation of blood cells
Macrophages

16. Erythrocytes Biconcave in shape due to absence of nucleus
Absence of nucleus  lifespan of 120 days
Dead erythrocytes recycled by spleen and liver into bilirubin  bile

17. Erythrocytes Hemoglobin is the protein attached to the erythrocyte
Hemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains (quaternary structure)
Each polypeptide chain has a heme (iron) group that binds O2
Therefore one erythrocyte carries 8 oxygen atoms

18. Regulation of Erythrocytes
4) + High blood O2
5) - erythropoietin
3) + erythrocytes
1) + Low blood O2
2) + erythropoietin

19. Blood Clotting
Platelets initiate clotting at site of tear in blood vessel wall
Fibrin is produced to seal any leaks in the blood clot
Platelets + Fibrin + Pus = Scab

20. Figure 42.16x Blood clot

21. Mechanism of Blood Clotting